Charles Dickens Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

Charles devil abundant Expectations EssayThe themes that ar introduced and emphasised in Chapter 8 of Charles Dickens Great Expectations are a near complete summary of the themes of the novel as a whole and of the conditions in which the face people had to live with in the 1800s. This chapter epitomises the circumstances in which English people lived and the situations that they faced, and it looks at many different perspectives and takes into account many different factors.The Industrial Revolution was a period in time when e realthing in England changed rapidly, and Dickens made sure that he captured Englands huge transition in every light he could. Dickens himself lived in poverty for a number of years, and his primary(prenominal) motive for writing books (such as Oliver Twist and Nicholas Nickleby) was his desire to see change. These books are based around injustice and the divide between wealth and poverty. Chapter 8 of Great Expectations clearly defines the issues tha t Dickens sought to deal with through writing.The very first thing that happens in Chapter 8 Pips uncomfortable breakfast with Mr Pumblechook. Pip states in his annals that on politely bidding him Good morning, Pumblechook immediately asked him a mathematics question. The breakfast then proceeds to continues in this manner (before I had swallowed a morsel, he began a running sum that lasted throughout breakfast. ) This is a prime example of control. This is one of the themes that come to the fore as the novel progresses.Pip finds that he very seldom has a choice in matters, he is either forced to do something or it would be very foolish or insulting to right making certain choices. His life his almost completely influenced by others, and he often has no control over it at all. In Chapter 8, he is controlled by Pumblechook (as afore mentioned), Estella (You are to wait here, boy. ) and Miss Havisham (Play ). In particular, Miss Havisham manipulates the lives of Estella and Pip to s uit her own twisted, selfish needs to the point where she is remorseful of her actions.Dickens stresses the point that, in this era, the wealthy people dictate the actions of the poorer people. The fact that Pip is sitting back and enjoying the ride, so to speak, is a result of the people around him ordering and demanding things of him. Pip rarely has a choice to make, and is manipulated and used by many people, some with good intentions (Magwitch), some with evil intentions (Miss Havisham and Compeyson). Control and the gulf between inferiority and superiority are perpetual forces in the novel.

Accounting and Corporate Governance Essay Example for Free

Accounting and Corporate Governance EssayThe memo is to address the method of accounting maneuver of Lehmans Repo one hundred five (or 108) from perspectives of accounting and collective governance. The memo will illustrate the role of repo transaction in Lehmans business model, analyze the accounting irregularities regarding repo by Lehman, observe auditors role in these irregularities, and converse the corresponding accounting and corporate governance issues. In addition, the memo will provide recommendations on how to prevent financial institutions from abusing regulatory deficiencies by emphasizing on the importance of accounting regulation, auditors role, and business ethics. See more Recruitment and selection process essayThe major goal of Lehmans Repo 105 is to temporarily rack up troubled securities from its balance sheet go presenting favorable financial statements to its investors, creditors, rating agencies, and the unrestricted. By temporarily removing these securities from its balance sheet, Lehman made its leverage ratio much grimer. With low leverage ratio, Lehman would keep its credit rating at high level and maintained its customers confidence.A repo, or sale and repurchase agreement, is an agreement in which integrity party transfers to another party as confirmative for a short-term borrowing of cash, while simultaneously agreeing to repay the cash and take back the collateral at a specific point in time (SFAS 140). An ordinary repo should be treated as a financing transaction and should be accounted for as a secured borrowing. An ordinary repo is a commonly-used form of secured loan between financial institutions. In fact, repo does not excite real frugal substance.However, by the Repo 105 transactions, Lehman did the same(p) in an ordinary repo, but because the assets value were 105 percent or more of the cash received, accounting rules permitted the transactions to be treated as gross revenue rather than financing. Lehman aggressively employed Repo 105 transactions before inform periods at the end of 2007 and the first two take ins of 2008. During the reporting periods, Repo transactions helped Lehman extinguish assets from balance sheet and use cash received to payback short-term loans. In addition, Lehman did not report any liabilities that reflected the obligation to repay the borrowed funds.After the reporting periods, Lehman would borrow funds to repurchases the transferred assets. Then these assets would be reversed on the balance sheet again. The consideration is whether Lehmans accounting for Repo 105 violated the broadly received Accounting Principal (the GAAP). report of Financial Accounting Standards No. 140 (SFAS 140) provides the accounting road maps on repo transactions. A company is permitted to account for these transactions as sales only if the transferor surrenders control over the assets to transferees.To account for a repo transaction as a sale, all three conditions must be met 1) the transferred assets must be insulate from the transfer, 2) transferee has right to pledge or exchange the assets, 3) the transferor does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets. A typical repo contract can good meet the first two conditions. However, in order to take advantage of favorable accounting treatment as sales transaction, Lehman has employed some accounting maneuvers to meet the three condition.SFAS 140 (Paragraph 218) states that the transferors right to repurchase is not assured unless the repurchase price is 102 percent or less of the cash received, or the cash received is 98 percent or more of the value of the transferred assets. The Board believes that other collateral arrangements typical fall well outside that guideline (FASB, 2000, p. 91). The repurchase price of Repo 105 is 105 percent of the cash received, which is higher(prenominal) than the 102 percent guideline. As a result, Lehman could argue that Repo 105 did not meet the th ird condition of maintaining effective control, and then classified it as sales.Based upon the above analysis, Lehmans accounting for Repo 105 seemed to be technically in compliance with the U. S. GAAP. However, Lehmans bankruptcy examiner Anton R. Valukas (2010) provided evidence showing that Lehman intended to use Repo 105 to manipulate its 10-K and 10-Q financial reporting. Valukas argued that the classification of these repo transactions should be based on its economic substance rather than its form (such as the 102 rule). Since Lehman had clear intent to buy back the transferred assets under Repo 105, these transactions are clearly secured borrowing and should not have been recorded as sales.The obvious accounting irregularity is Lehmans failure of disclosing Repo 105 transaction in its quarterly and annual financial reports. Valukas (2010) report indicates that Lehmans SEC 10-K and 10-Q filing between 2000 to third quarter, 2007, regularly misrepresented some repo transaction as secured borrowings despite that it actually recorded as sales. In addition, Lehman neer get wordd its involvement in Repo 105 its 10-K of 2007 and the first 10-Q of 2008 (Chang et al, 2011).In fact, Lehman has aggressively involved in Repo 105 during the end of 2007 and first two quarters of 2008, removing nearly by $38. billion in fourth quarter 2007, $49. 1 billion in first quarter 2008, and $50. 38 billion in second quarter 2008 (Valukas, 2010). It is clear that Lehmans misrepresentation and failure of disclosure of its Repo 105 practice is material enough to mislead its investors, debtors, rating agencies and the public. As the auditor of Lehman Brothers, Ernst Young approved the use of Repo 105 transactions. These transactions were characterized as sales of assets and created a misleading picture of Lehmans financial position during the financial meltdown.Ernst Young said in a statement Our last audit of the company was for the fiscal year ending November 30, 2007. Our opinion indicated that Lehmans financial statements for that year were fairly presented in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, and we remain of that view. Ernst Young would like the public to believe their responsibility for Lehmans financial statements ends with the 2007 10-K. Actually, It does not. According to the examiners report, Ernst Young had fitting started planning for its year-end audit of Lehman when the firm collapsed into bankruptcy.Lehman remained an EY client until the bankruptcy in September 2008. This period included two more 10-Qs. But most impress for the auditors could be allegations in the examiners report that Ernst Young did not inform the audit committee on Lehmans board about a whistleblower who had expressed concerns about the repos to them. In a March 2010 letter to its clients, EY defended its audit work for Lehman. The letter states that Lehmans bankruptcy resulted from unprecedented adverse events in the financial markets, declining asset values, and loss of market confidence that caused a collapse in its liquidity.The firm believes the bankruptcy wasnt caused by accounting or disclosure issues, as Lehmans financial statements clearly portrayed it as a leveraged entity operating in a risky and volatile industry. The most telling assertion in the complaint concerning EYs alleged(a) misrepresentation of Lehmans compliance with applicable accounting standards is that EY didnt require the financial statements to reflect economic substance rather than just legal form. In other words, the complaint accuses EY of letting Lehman engage in transactions without business purpose in order to achieve a specific financial-statement result.The bankruptcy examiner said that the touch on function of Repo 105 transactions as employed by Lehman was to reduce its publicly reported net leverage and net balance sheet. Although Lehman knew that none of its couple companies were using the same accounting tricks to arrive the leverage numbers, it continued to rely on the use of Repo 105 substantially, at a level that is much higher than the originally defined materiality level by the management.As a consequence, it left Lehman with heavy concentrations of illiquid assets which could not be monetized to meet its current obligations (Lehman Brothers Holding Inc. v. Debtors, 2010). The inspector did not find supporting evidence to bring colorable claims (Lehman Brothers Holding Inc. v. Debtors, 2010) against Lehmans directors, however, they should have better monitored the managers.And the examiner did find sufficient evidence to support a colorable claim against certain senior officers for breaching their fiduciary duties to shareholders and other stakeholders because they failed to inform the public and shareholders about the substantial use of Repo 105 by non-disclosure of related information and by filing materially misleading periodic reports, which risked the company with potential liabilities a nd they also failed to advise the Board of Directors of the Repo 105 practice (Lehman Brothers Holding Inc. v. Debtors, 2010). The examiner also cerebrate that sufficient evidence existed that Lehmans quarter? nd Repo 105 practice was material and should have been disclosed in the financial statements.In addition, Lehman had an obligation to disclose required information relate to Repo 105 in its MDA statement. In terms of accounting malpractice, Lehmans external auditor, Ernst Young, was also held responsible for allowing Lehmans financial reports to go unchallenged. Ernst Young well knew the practice of Repo 105 adopted by the company, but failed to review the volume and timing of Repo 105 transactions, and failed to access the materiality of information omitted regarding Repo 105 transactions.Furthermore, Ernst Young failed to conduct investigations with regard to the concern about Repo 105 raised by Matthew Lee, then-Senior President of Finance Division. In conclusion, corpo rate governance was lacking twain internally and externally (Lehman Brothers Holding Inc. v. Debtors, 2010). The accounting irregularity of Lehmans Repo 105 practice partly due to the deficiencies of accounting rules, however, integrity or accounting professionals as well as business ethics also play an important role in the accounting malpractice.In 2009, FASB issued SFAS 166 to amend SFAS 140. These efforts could close some loophole in accounting standards. Good corporate governance requires not only effective board and ethical top management, but also reliable accounting forcefulness and independent outside auditors, to properly perform their jobs and fulfill their responsibilities, to create the check and balance that can maintain the financial health of a company and at the same time to reduce agency cost.In case when one party went badly, the others could and should be there to detect the potential problems and to monitor and correct the mistakes. In summary, the ethical cha llenges faced by EY in deciding how to address issues with a long-standing and profitable client may be faced by many public accountants. In fact, accountants in all areas of the profession frequently face similar ethical issues of simultaneously complying with their duties for faithful service and loyalty to their employer or client while respecting their responsibilities to other stakeholders. Doing the right thing for all concerned may sometimes be an impossible assignment. Guidance such as the overarching principles of honesty, fairness, objectivity, and responsibility contained in the IMA Statement of Ethical Professional Practice will go a long way toward helping all accountants to do the right thing. Doing the right thing is continuously the best policy in the long run.

Evaluation of Restorative Justice Programs

Evaluation of tonic water Justice ProgramsIt is simple to suppose that pris superstarrs ar non homo beings. In whatsoever way once an psyche is found guilty of a offense and in carcerated, they become, in the sense of the law, almost more like an target bea than a person. Many prisoners suffer the loss of not only their independence, but their right to vote, their ability to settle with victims of their crimes, their right to personal safety, their right to parent, their right to be assumed innocent until proven guilty and indeed their right to dignity. A requirement for punishment and retribution is the compelling philosophy behind our penal formation. exclusively is incarceration always necessary for those who present committed a crime and, moreover, what of those defendants who will not repeat the crime? Furthermore, the adult prison population in England and Wales has grown from 36,000 in 1991 to 62,000 in 2003. Indeed, this is one of the central problems facing contem porary penal policy and another reason why we should seek alternatives to incarceration. This essay considers the want for pop referee as a substitute for incarceration in many cases. invigorating justice is one of the most commonly considered advancements in the character of crime and justice. Its proponents argue that retributive justice, societys conventional answer to crime, neither images the needs of crime victims nor prevents re-offending. Instead, it supposes a disconnected, adversarial procedure and sees crime as a violation of the state, defined by law breaking and the establishing of guilt. It determines blame and administers punishment in a contest between the offender and the state.1 As an substitute, they suggest, should be recuperative justice, in which families and communities of offenders persuade them to take responsibilities for the con rank of their conduct, express repentance and restore the destruction that they have causedRestorative justice encourages a ll of us involved in the criminal justice system to see justice in a new light. In many cases it helps victims of crime have a say in what happens to an offender. It can also be part of the rehabilitation process for offenders themselves.Restorative justice is about helping every victim get over the crime theyve suffered. When a victim make outs to meet the offender it often helps them feel safer and more satisfied that justice has been done.So as we reform the criminal justice system to put victims and communities first, revitalising justice should have a key place at the heart of our reforms.2The fundamental rudiments of restorative justice symbolize a procedure based, among other things, on values of participation, respect, honesty, accountability and empowerment.3 As established by the Home Office, restorative justice is not a unified concept.4 Restorative processes concern victims, offenders, their families and the community, to cooperatively recognize and address harms, need s and requirements, so as to heal and put things as right as possible.This was recognized in Johnathan Carters case, where the restorative justice process resulted in an agreement that went some way to remedying the harm caused to the victims, whilst also understanding the harm that the offender had brought upon himself. Johnathan Carters case is a classic example of a crime that was committed but will never be repeated. It is submitted, in agreement with the principle established in this case, that restorative justice is a valuable alternative to incarceration, where the crime will never be repeated.The driver, Johnathan, of a car had been drinking that subsequentlynoon but had felt explosion to drive. About fifteen minutes into the drive, the driver failed to drive the vehicle around a severe bend and he lost control. As a result, the car hurtled into a bank and Aaron Calvert, one of the passengers, was thrown out of the car and died at the incident. Soon after the disaster, the Johnathan was tested for inebriant consumption. The test revealed a blood alcohol reading in excess of the legal limit. He stated that he was guilty to a charge of driving with surplus blood alcohol create death. Throughout sentencing, the Judge had to reflect on the appropriate fate for a man who had killed his lifelong best friend.5 The law at the quantify of the sentencing imparted that the maximum strong belief was five years imprisonment.6On the other hand, preceding sentencing, Johnathan had agreed to take part in a restorative justice conference. During the conference an understanding was reached recommending clear results to the sentencing Judge. However, the Judges ruling was constrained by legal standards and legislation which did not then require him to take into account restorative justice effects. During the time of the case, a sentence of incarceration almost always resulted in a charge of alcohol-related driving causing death.7 All the same, directing his comme nts to Johnathan, the sentencing judge conveyed the following, sensitive solutionTo hear the effect of the death of their eldest child on his parents would draw tears from stone. Even more moving, was their heartfelt and tearful plea, made in Court, that you, who have been like a brother to their son, and in some ways like a son to them, not be imprisoned. For them, that would be a second catastrophe on top of the first, and would achieve nothing.8Subsequent to an appraisal of all the concerns, the Judge contumacious that a fair result was 18 months imprisonment. He suspended that sentence for the duration on the grounds that Johnathan was quite young, he had a previous almost spotless record, he needed rehabilitation, had diminished culpability, had been accommodating with the Police, was repentant and on that point was loving family and community support. The results of the restorative justice conference were taken into contemplation. Employing the conference agreement, the Co urt suspended Johnathans license for three years, ordered him to contribute $4,000 towards the headstone, bring to pass two hundred hours of community service and to address specific assemblies at five secondary schools in his neighbourhood relating to the dangers of drinking and driving.Jonathan Carters case institute a feasible process of dealing with crime in our communities and an improved way to consider the victims interests. It also demonstrates how restorative justice procedures are not fundamentally an alternative for, but can also act in combination with the current retributive methodology. The conference acknowledged the needs of the family, some of which were at odds with sentencing practice at that time, and balanced these with the needs of the community. Restorative justice is therefore process rather than outcome driven.Increasing empirical indicate demonstrates substantial settlements of restorative justice, with benefits prevailing over harms. From a crucial acco unt, known as the Reintegrative Shaming Experiments (RISE), carried out in Canberra, Australia over five years, from 1995 to 2000, offenders who recognized accountability for one of two categories of crime- personal property crime executed by juvenile offenders and middle-range violent crimes committed by offenders aged up to twenty-nine years, were allocated at stochastic either to go to court or to act at a restorative justice conference.9 The conference concerned a meeting assembled by a trained facilitator between offenders and their family and friends acting as supporters, collected with the victims and their supporters. At the conference, members deliberated what had happened when the offence took place, who the offence had influenced and in what regard, and what could be done to reinstate the harm caused. In the sequence of the conference, often a highly representing encounter, victims explained candidly to their offenders the total consequences of the offence. Offenders had the possibility to take accountability for their actions and understand the result in means not available in the courtroom. The conference concluded with an outcome agreement intended to repair the harm caused by the offence.10 The appraisal of RISE test was incorporated into understanding of the conferences and court measures, interviews with the victims after their cases were organized, and reassessing of official information. The assessment provides evidence of the benefits, and harms, that victims and offenders experienced from restorative against conventional justice.Restorative justice conferences are under test in the United commonwealth.11 In none of these procedures have offenders lost rights or had legal procedures abused because of their voluntary contribution in restorative justice procedures. While there is mounting discussion of sentencing offenders to meet with victims as a requirement of a community sentence, as a substitute for imprisonment, it is not obvious that this solitary procedure would abuse the rights of an offender permitted to choose imprisonment rather than a meeting with a victim. While offenders reported in the above study that restorative justice conferences are stressful, stress as a solitary reason is not an infringement of human rights and prosecution and incarceration are also stressful. The stress or disgrace of restorative justice may be a required part in the reforming process that eventually benefits the offender.12 Offenders derive an increased sense of respect from restorative justice processes. When they are diverted to restorative justice preferably than being imprisoned, they can evade a criminal record and its related disabilities.In order for this alternative to incarceration to work however, it is fundamental to restorative justice that everyone at present, including the victim and offender, is there voluntarily. If this is not case then alternatives and incarceration is more favourable. In supposition however, it is determined and consistent punishment of crime that discourages offenders from committing crime. In common economics, the fundamental mechanism of this theory is a reasonable choice in support of cost-benefit ratios of compliance with the law, congeneric to cost-benefit ratios of breaking the law. Until very recently, restorative justice has been regarded chiefly as an innovation to be used with young offenders to dissuade them from pursuing a criminal career. However, inquiry has revealed that in opposition of this conventional wisdom, restorative justice is more useful in deterring violent crime than property crime, for example.13 It seems that the higher level of emotional difference of opinion in these conditions is relative to reducing re-offending.It is submitted that imprisonment should be ruled out for minor offences and instead replaced with restorative justice. Furthermore, there is the controversial issue of when offences cannot and will not be repeated. An exampl e was the case illustrated above, where restorative justice was combined with methods of incarceration. In the grey area of euthanasia and mercy killing, this system could be used, depending on the individual circumstances of the case in question.Owing to prison overcrowding and the notion of unfairness connected with incarceration for one off offences, restorative justice appears to be in a superior position to improve that problem. Furthermore, in consequence of the substantial evidence of injustice and contempt in reference to victims by criminal justice, restorative justice appears to be in an effective alternative. Arguments may be made against an assertion in theory, but the evidence from practice provides little assistance to the supposed objections. The more rapidly criminal justice opens its doors to restorative justice, the sooner we can begin to restore a positive and just system of criminal justice.BibliographyAs per footnotes and Ashworth reference provided by customer Footnotes1 Helen Bowen and Jim Consedine, Restorative Justice- Contemporary Themes and Practice (Ploughshares Publications, Lyttleton, (1999) 182 Baroness Scotland QC, Home Office Minister for the Criminal Justice System and Law Reform, Restorative Justice Annual Conference in London, March 16 20053 Restorative Justice in New Zealand Best Practice (May 2004, Ministry of Justice, Wellington) 244 United Kingdom Home Office, An International Review of Restorative Justice, Crime Reduction Series, Paper 10 (London 2001)5 Police v Carter (unreported, District Court, New Zealand 2001 April)6 Section 30AB Transport be active 19627 R v Brodie 1999 2 NZLR 5138 Section 21(A) Criminal Justice Act 1985 repealed9 Ibid10 http//www.aic.gov.au/rjustice/rise/index.hgtml11 http//www.crim.upenn.edu/jrc/faq.html (2001)12 Nathan Harris, Shaming and Shame Regulating Drink Driving, 73 Alfred Blumstein and David Farrington eds 200113 Ibid

How A Sniper Gun Works Criminology Essay

How A Sniper Gun Works Criminology Essayvirtuoso SHOT ONE KILL is how Sniper Gun works. The term Sniper was first utilize in 1824 in the sense of word Sharpshooter. The main purpose of this gun is to destroy valuable targets at extended range. In most of the boldnesss, target means human existences (enemy soldiers, armed terrorists and criminals). The range of such weapon is between 100 to metre meters and it is especially used in military and special operations. Basically there ar three types of sniper go bads Military, natural law/Law Enforcement and Special Task Sniper blend ins. Some of the best Snipers in cosmos are M24, USA Dragunav SVD, Russian Heckler and Koch XM-8, Germany and Vidhwansak AMR, Indian. Main objective of this re locating is to provide an insight ab show up types of sniper guns, their construction, mechanism and how we tolerate make them better development Laser, Infra red, GPS system, Sniper detectors and Laser guided dopes to make sniper a complete solution for troops.IntroductionIt has been hundred years at a time and Sniper is still the favorite toy of Army. This is because of the public figure and capabilities of this weapon system and specialized images, butt stocks and bipod arrangements making sniper more dangerous. However, proper training and experience stub differentiate sniper from true sharp shooter men. Sniper is now the ultimate finisher, a true modern-day ninja which makes its own way few miles away. Sniper run shorts come in a powerful array of automatic and conk out- exertion styles and makes. Most of the snipers are modified with specialized telescopic sights offering the best in accuracy-inducing ergonomics. Sniper rifles acquit more recently been fielded in the highly-lethal point fifty calibers smoothen which is capable of tart engine blocks and can left(a) the human bodies covered in body armor. It is the best soldier as it has unique advanced in recoil, specialized ammunition and highly techni cal sight. Usually have this image of a sniper working alone behind enemy lines, a sniper is only made better by the use of a spotter and together they make a sniper team following the target by his own scope and calling out adjustments in trajectory and wind age as needed. This working in unison provides a most powerful and lethally hidden element to any war. Consequently, it does not draw off too much experience to be trained in being a sniper type element on the opposite side. It then becomes a effect of the hunter becoming the hunted 1.History of SniperUse of Sniper goes back to as early as Sixteenth Century snipers first victim was Takeda Shingen in Japan. In Britain Sir Lord Brooke, senior parliamentarian was killed during English Civil War by sniper. Similarly this weapon was also used in American War OF Revolution. The first Rifle Regiments was formed by British Army during Napoleonic War. Use of such weapon than started becoming the need of army as it was highly accurat e and was modified easily according to its need. During American Civil War US Sharp shooters who were trained under Colonel Hiram Berdnam killed more enemy than any other Union Army with their point fifty two caliber sniper rifle. In the same war Sg.Ben Po well sniped Major General John Sedgwick at a distance of 798 yd during battle of battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse Court House. This weapon was then used for assassinations due to its high range aim by criminals. Twentieth century changed the outlook of sniper. These guns were the main weapons in arena WAR I and II. Junior Lieutenant Vasily Zaytsev (World War II) credited of killing 225 German soldiers during the Battle of Stalingrad. Gunnery Sergeant Carlos Hathcock has achieved 93 confirmed kills but believed to also have over 200 unconfirmed kills in Vietnam War. He held the record of longest confirmed kill at a distance of 2,250m (2,460yd) (made with a scoped M2 brown machine gun) for 35 years until 2002. Canadian soldier C orporal Rob Furlong, formerly of (Operation Anaconda, Afghanistan) holds the record for the longest-ever recorded and confirmed sniper kill at 2,430m (2,657yd) apply a point fifty caliber (12.7mm) McMillan TAC-50 rifle. Boon of science and technology has changed the outlook of Military Weapons and these weapons are transforming to new level by every number 2, 3.Basic ConstructionMain parts of sniper gunMain parts of sniper gun areBarrel and Receiver thunderclap with Bolt Support asylum Lever AssemblyMagazineButtUpper Band AssemblyHand Guard L.H.AssemblyHand Guard R.H.Assembly mess hall Leaf Assembly front man-Sight constitute and corpse AssemblyThese can be further divide into various parts which are shown in Figure 1 and enlisted in Table 1 4.Figure.1Table 1 Various parts of sniper gunSr noComponentsSr noComponents1Bolt Support21Front Sight Body2Firing Pin22Front3Cover23Pusher4Guiding Rod24Front Sight Base5Guiding Bushing25Barrel6Bolt26Upper Band Assembly7cartridge extractor P in27Band Axle Pin8Firing Pin Stud28Oil Seal Assembly9Extractor spring29Hand Guard10Extractor30Upper Band with Spring11Return Spring31Magazine Body Assembly12Sight Leaf Slide32Magazine Spring13Sight Leaf33Magazine Cover14Hand Guard, L.H34Sight Leaf Assembly15Pusher Spring35Follower16 spatter Tube Latch36Receiver17Gas Chamber37Accidental Shot Safety Device18Gas Piston38Firing turn on Mechanism19Gas Tube39Cover Axle Pin20Gas Regulator40Butt AssemblyMECHANISM OF functionalSniper mainly works on the following mechanisma. Firing and Trigger Mechanismb. Cover and Retracting MechanismWorking of Sniper is very simple and basic it is a self reloading weapon. This reloading depends upon the energy obtained from powder atom smasher which arc channeled from barrel bore to piston gas. Upon firing, a certain amount of the powder gases following the bullet flows through the port in the barrel bore wall into the gas chamber, exerts pressure upon the front wall of the gas piston and throws back the piston with pusher and, consequently, the sprint support into the rearward position. As the bang support travels rearward, the expire opens the barrel bore the Cartridge case gets removed from the cartridge chamber and ejected out of the receiver. The bolt support compresses the return springs and cocks the hammer i.e. acquires it with the auto-safety cocking cam. The bolt support and the bolt return to the front position under the action of the retracting mechanism as a result, the bolt feeds the next cartridge from the magazine into the cartridge chamber and closes the barrel bore, small-arm the bolt support disengages the auto-safety heat up from the hammer. The hammer gets cocked. The bolt gets locked, after it has been turned to the left and its locking lugs engaged with recesses of the receiver. To fire a shot, it is necessary to release the trigger and press it anew. After the trigger has been released, the rod modes forward and its hook engage the sear and, if pre ssed, the rod hook turns the sear and disengages it from the hammer cocking cam.The hammer actuated by the mainspring turns round its pin and strikes the firing pin. The latter travels forward and impinges the primer. Thus, a shot is fired. With the experience cartridge fired and the bolt returned to the rearward position, the magazine follower lifts the bolt catch the latter engages the bolt to stop the bolt support in the rearward position. Thus, it is necessary to load the rifle anew. The rifle has a gas regulator, which serves to change recoil speeds of moving parts. Under conditions of proper servicing with the parts lubricated, the gas regulator is set at divisiona. On firing during a long time without cleaning and lubricating and heavy soiling of the rifle, stoppage may occur fractional recoil of the moving parts. In this case the regulator is set at division.b. To change the regulator from one positions to another use the rim of the cartridge case or the cartridge 4.PRESE NT SENARIO OF SNIPERScience and Technology has lead to the development of new prototype advance weapon system. Some of the best snipers with their specifications in the realness are wee-ween in Table 2.Table 2 Comparison of different types of Sniper guns 5-58.Name Of Sniper GunTypeIn ServiceVariantsW viii follow throughEffective RangeFeed SystemIstiglal Anti-Material Rifle(5-13)Anti-materiel rifle2008-present12.7x108mm44.0 lbs (20.0 kg)Recoil-operated, rotating bolt3,000m (9,843ft)10-round detachable misfortune magazineFAMAE FD-200(14)Designated Marksman Rifle2000-presentNA5.10kgGas operated800 mSIG 542 compatible magazines7.62 Tkiv 85 (15)Sniper rifle1984-presentNA7kg (15.4lb)Bolt action800m (875yd)5-round magazine, loaded with 5-round charger clipsAccuracy International frozen Warfare (16)Sniper rifle1982-presentNA6.5kg (14.3lb)Bolt-action850m/s (2,790ft/s)10-round detachable box magazineAccuracy International AS50(16)Anti-materiel rifle, Sniper rifle2006-present1 AS5027 lb (1 2.2 kg)Direct impingement1,500 m5 or 10 round detachable boxJNG-90 (17-20)Sniper rifle2008-presentNANARotating bolt1000 mNAKNT-308(21)Sniper rifle2008-presntNANAbolt action1000+ m5-round detachable boxAMP Technical Services DSR-1(23-27)Bolt action rifle2000-presnetDSR-1 Subsonic (7.62x51mm NATO)5.9kg (unloaded) without scope)Bolt-action800m -875yd5 round detachable box magazineBrgger Thomet APR(28)Sniper rifle2005-presentAPR308P, APR308S, APR3387.1-8.2kgBolt-action, manually operated1000-1038 yd10-round detachable box magazineArmalite AR-50(29)Bolt action rifle1997-1999Armalite AR-30 (smaller caliber)15.5kgBolt actionNA1 bulletAWC G2 (30-31)Sniper Rifle1990s-presentG2, G2A, G2FANAGas-Operated, rotating boltNA20 round magazinesBarrett M82 (32)Anti-materiel rifle1989-presentM82A1, M82A1A, M82A1M, M82A2, M82A3, M10713.5-14kgRecoil-operated, rotating bolt1,800m (5,906ft)10-round detachable box magazineBlaser 93 tactical (33)Sniper rifle1993-presentBlaser LRS 2Blaser Tactical 25kgBolt a ctionNA5-rounds detachable box magazineBor rifle (34)Sniper rifle2007-presentAlex Tactical SportAlex-3386.1kgBolt- action800m10-round detachable box magazineCheyTac Intervention (35)Sniper rifle2001-presentNA14kg modus operandi bolt2000m7-round detachable boxCZ 700 sniper rifle(36)Sniper rifleNA6.2kgBolt ActionNA10-round detachable boxC3A1 (37-39)Sniper rifle1972-2003NA7.2kgManually operated bolt action800m5 round detachable boxTimberwolf(40)Sniper rifle2005-presentNA7.1kgManually operated bolt action1500m5 round detachable boxDesert Tactical Arms Stealth Recon Scout(41)Sniper rifle2008-presentNA5.2-5.6kgBolt actionNA5-7 round detachable boxWKW Wilk(42)Sniper rifle2005-presentNA16.1kgManually operated rotary bolt action3000m7 round detachable boxVKS Sniper(43)Sniper rifle2002-presentNA7kgNA600m5 round detachable boxUnited States Marine army corps Designated Marksman Rifle(44)Sniper rifle2001-presentNA4.0-4.5kgGas operated, rotating bolt. Semi automatic600-800m5,10, and 20 round det achable boxUnited States Navy Mark 12 modernistic X Special Purpose Rifle(45-47)Sniper rifle2002-present4.5kgGas operated, rotating bolt. Semi automatic600 yards20 or 30 round STANAG magazineUnited States Army police squad Designated Marksman Rifle (48)Sniper rifle2004-presentNA4.5kgGas-operated (direct impingement)660yard20 or 30 detachable boxT93 sniper rifle(49)Sniper rifle2005-presentNA5kgBolt actionOver 800m5 round internal magazineM110 Semi-Automatic Sniper System (50-52)Sniper rifle2008-presentNA6.5kgGas-operated, rotating bolt1000m10 or 20 detachable boxHeckler Koch HK417 (53)Battle rifleNAAssaulterRecce (16 barrel regulation and accurized)Sniper (20 barrel accurized3.87-4.23kgGas-operated, rotating boltNA10 or 20 detachable boxFN Special Police Rifle(54)Sniper rifle2004-presentA1, A1a, A2, A4, A3 G, A5 M4.9-7.5kgBolt actionNA7.6251 mm (.308 Winchester)4-round detachable box magazine or 5-round internal box magazine.300 Winchester in short Magnum3-round internal box m agazineDragunov SVU (55)Sniper rifle1994-presentSVU-A3.6kgGas operated, rotating boltNA10 or 20-round detachable box magazineVidhwansak Anti Material0 Rifle (56-57)Anti-material rifle2007-presentNA25kgManual bolt action1800mMagazineADVANCEMENTS IN SNIPERSniper Location Gunshot Detection SystemsSnipers have become the second greatest cause of fatalities in combat in present wars. Troops are often most vulnerable in stationary environments, such as when on perimeter or a Forward Operation Base (FOB). Until recently, sniper detection and location systems were employed primarily on vehicular and static installations, when manning guard towers, or out at mobile checkpoints.Two versions of gunshot locators were discussed here. Both are being addressed by the US military, in an attempt to improve receipt effectiveness and bowdlerize vulnerability to attacks by sniper and small arms ambushes. Gunshot locators also improve the war fighters situational understanding in emergency situation s, particularly when responding to ambush situations. The return acoustic shooter detection system was essential by BBN to provide warning over sniper threats. Today, over 1,000 Boomerang systems are operational worldwide and procurement of 8,000 supernumerary systems is currently underway. Initially, the system was installed on vehicles, but the most recent enhancements, a static installation kit and portable system, complements the Boomerang to cover more modes of operation. Boomerang automatically provides immediate indication of offensive fire or sniper attacks and localizes the shooters position, allowing rapid, informed and coordinated response. The system can be installed on an individual vehicle (manned or unmanned), at a checkpoint, or be scaled up for full perimeter security of a forward operating base. The ability to identify greyback firing locations quickly eliminates random patrol deployments and exposure to unknown hostile fire. (Figure)58.The static installatio n kit is contained in a man-portable package, providing rapid installation in temporary or fixed sites. It is equipped with interfacing, to enable interoperability with remote weapon stations and EO/IR sensors currently fielded in theater. Furthermore, several Boomerang sensors can be integrated and networked, to provide better and more precise coverage of fixed sites. Gunshot alerts can be integrated and presented into situational awareness pictures, such as the Blue Force Tracking. Acoustic processing is not the only solution for gunshot detection. Gunshot signature can be identified, located and processed until now off faster using electro-optical means. Two Israeli systems are providing such capabilities Rafaels Spotlight M and IAI/Eltas Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR) are sensors-based and a Transient Event Detection (TED) system, developed by a new subsidiary called OptigO. They are designed to cover a wide area, triggering an instant alarm and threat location when a unity shot i s fired 58.LASER Guided BulletA small caliber laser-guided bullet having a self-contained guidance system is disclosed including on-board laser sensors and navigational circuits capable of detecting a laser target signature, determining the deviation of the bullet from an optimum projectory along which the bullet would impact a hostile target, and generating an electrical signal to piezo electric instruction control surfaces to effect a change in the course of the bullet. The guided bullet utilizes a plurality of symmetrically arranged laser sensor elements which are positioned about a longitudinal axis of the bullet. The laser sensor elements function to transmit optical radiation from the laser target beam to photo detector elements housed within the bullet. The electrical signals from the photo detector elements are then amplified and processed by semiconductor logic circuits to farm the functions required by the steering control surfaces to translate the bullet to the optimum trajectory. Electrical power for the guidance system is provided by a miniature lithium polymer battery which is interconnected with the navigational circuits to produce the functions of the system. The guided bullet is fired from a precision, smooth bore weapon using a conventional expanding gas cartridge and is effective at ranges up to 3,000 meters and beyond. A bullet guidance system for guiding an in-flight bullet along an optimum trajectory along which say bullet would impact a laser identified target, said system comprising laser beam detecting means contained within said bullet and being capable of receiving laser beam energy reflected from said target and converting said energy to electrical impulses logic circuit means contained within said bullet having means therein responsive to receipt of said impulses for determining the deviation of said bullet from said optimum trajectory and for generating corrective signals in response to said impulses steering control means hav ing means therein responsive to said corrective signals in a manner to actuate said steering control means so as to deflect air flow about said bullet, said control means including at least deployable thrill means being outwardly extensible from said bullet to deflect air flow about said bullet to impart a punitory momentum to translate said bullet to said optimum trajectory, said bullet being fired from a precision, smooth-bored weapon thereby not impart axial spin to said bullet in the manner of a rifle and power supply means contained within said bullet being inter connectable to said logic circuit and said steering control means to provide sufficient electrical power to produce the functions required by said system 59.6.3 Next-Generation Cant-Miss SnipersSnipers are already deadly accurate, pinpointing targets from a thousand meters away and more. But a heavy crosswind can throw off even the surest shot.This is why the military has started a largely-secret, crash program to b uild laser gun sights that compensate for the environment giving snipers lethal precision at 2000 meters range, in winds up to 40 miles per hour. If it works out as planned, Defense Department researchers think the scopes will boost a snipers kill-rate by ten-fold, or more, and let snipers engage and pull the trigger in less than one second. Today, the agency notes, a 10mph wind could produce a miss even at 400 meters while in other cases the deviation could be much worse, exceeding 3 meters at 1200 meters range. The first method (to grossly, grossly oversimplify), is to shoot out a serial publication of thousands of laser pulses, creating a profile of the eddies in the local atmosphere as the light bounces back. The second involves using use a high-speed camera to take an image of the target.The eddies distort the phase of the light in that picture. The scope, through a series of algorithms, can take those into account for the sniper team. Algorithms for the second approach have al ready been developed and field tested at University of Marylands Intelligent Optics Laboratory, Pentagon documents show, helping target objects 2300 meters away 60.Super Sniper Next Wars Secret WeaponIts probably not the bouncy changing, secret weapon of the war. But it could help win the next one a stealth sniper scope for undetectable assassination. Battles are increasingly about winning out a few select enemies, not large numbers of foes. Such device allows you to locate, target and kill a subject. Heat haze commonly throws off snipers. But SRVS changes heat haze from an obstruction into a means of enhancing the view. An effect called turbulence induced micro lensing means that every instant the het up air acts as a series of lenses at a given moment you may be able to look right through them and run through a magnified view of the scene beyond. The trick is to use digital technology to identify the lucky regions or lucky frames when a clear view appears and assemble them i nto a complete picture. The end result is a portable device 35 centimeters long and weighing two kilogram with an unprecedented capability. This sniper scope can beat the diffraction limit, which defines the best that any other optical device can do in conditions of severe heat haze, no less. Specifically, the SRVS will be good enough to positively ID individuals at sniping rangea. With an aperture not to exceed 6 cm, demonstrate that full scale facial images meeting ANSI INCITS 385-2004 can be correctly identified by trained observers (90% correct identification) at a distance of 1 km (representing a 3x improvement over current performance).b. adjoin better-than-diffraction-limited super-resolution imaging at a speed of not less than 1 Hz where human subjects moving at 1 m/s can be correctly identified by trained observers (90% correct identification) at a distance of 1 km.The spooky aspect of the SRVS is that even if the target is looking for right at you, they wont see a thing because of the heat haze. A sniper using one of these will be a truly invisible assassin, with the ideal technology for picking off high-value targets. The prototype is supposed to be ready for early 2011, with finished units being delivered to Special Operations units in 2011 end. on that point are currently a number of anti-sniper systems (a.k.a. sniper detection systems, a.k.a. gunfire detection systems) that have been designed and developed for use by military infantry military unit 61.CONCLUSIONSniper is the term of excellence in the Army. Howitzers accurately fire in excess of 28 kilometers, tanks kill out to four kilometers, helicopters gunship missiles kill out to eight kilometers. The maximum range of infantry small arms engagements, however, has shrunk significantly over the past century. Some of the standard infantry rifles of World Wars I and II had sights that ranged out to more than 2,000 yards (1800 meters), and infantry soldiers trained to engage area targets even out to those ranges. But with the adoption of the smaller caliber, higher velocity .223 bullets as the infantry standard for many nations, the maximum training and hence effective range of infantry small arms has dropped off to 300 meters or less. Such advancements can give rebirth to new definition of Sniper which will change the whole outlook, and rest will be HISTORY. Such sniper will able to detect, blow the target well beyond 3000 meter range and will be most effective in counter terrorism. Thus we can prevent another 26/11- Mumbai attacks and economise life of innocents.

Biology Essays Heart Disease

Biology Essays substance DiseaseThe Biological Basis and Risk Factors for coronary thrombosis Heart Disease.Coronary marrow squash sickness is a blanket endpoint which describes all types of intent disease wee-weed by blockage of the arteries that supply ocellus to the heart. Lack of sufficient roue is associated with a lack of oxygen, also called ischemia. Hence coronary heart disease is also called ischemic heart disease. Angina, heart attack and heart failure and ar all clinical forms of coronary heart disease.1Overall, coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in the Western world.2 In the UK, heart attacks are responsible for around 150,000 deaths every year and fol grim the NHS approximately 719 million per year. Almost half of all heart attack sufferers die inwardly 20 days of the attack.3The heart of the problemThe heart is a vital organ, pumping kin which carries essential oxygen and nutrients all around the body. As a powerfully active muscle, the heart needs a ready and racy supply of oxygen and nutrients itself however these are not extracted from the blood that flows through it. Instead, the heart has its own specific blood supply the coronary arteries. thither are two major coronary arteries the right and left. The volume of blood which flows to the heart is largely determined by the width of these vessels and is not so dependent on the power at which the blood is pumped through them. Unlike other organs which can use the oxygen indoors veins if needed, the heart is completely reliant on the coronary arteries supply. Hence their ability to expand and supply more blood when required is essential.4-6Coronary heart disease develops when various materials build up inside the walls of the coronary arteries causing a narrowing of the vessels and potentially leading to complete blockage. The obstruction of blood flow to the heart which results from this build up within the coronary arteries can cause a range of cardiac probl ems. When the blood flow to the heart is only temporarily interrupted, unremarkably during exercise and times of execution when the heart muscle requires more oxygen, the condition is known as angina. A person with angina testament experience short attacks of chest pain which usually clear up with rest. Ultimately, insufficient blood flow can result in actual physical damage to the heart tissue. In severe cases, where blood flow is completely blocked, the portion of the heart affected may die from lack of oxygen this is termed myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack. Symptoms of heart attack include prolonged and severe chest pain, weakness and shortness of breath. In rare cases, patients with coronary heart disease experience heart failure. This is a broad condition which describes any symptoms showing that a patients heart is not performing as it should. 4-6Why do coronary arteries plough blocked?In healthy arteries, the walls are smooth and blood flows easily. The process leading to the development of coronary heart disease begins with the development of productive streaks. These are yellow patches which appear within the wall of the coronary arterial blood vessel. The streaks are made up of a special type of cell called foam cells, which are rich in fats, plus smooth muscle cells. Over time, streaks can turn into plaques. Plaques, also known as atheroma, are fatty lumps which form within the lining of the arteries. There are various different kinds of plaques. Some are made up of a soft inner force of cholesterol cover by a thin firm outer layer. Others are completely solid and composed of smooth muscle cells and various other strong materials. calcium may also build up on a plaque making the problem worse.4,7What is the blockage like?Plaques cause several problems to coronary blood flow. Firstly, a plaque itself can be big enough to narrow the artery and reduce the space available for blood to flow through it. Secondly, as blood is t hrust against the side of the plaque with from each one heart beat, the outer shell of the plaque may crack open exposing the cholesterol core. When the cholesterol core is exposed, blood coagulate is triggered within the artery. Clots reduce the blood flow even more. This whole process can happen repeatedly causing the artery to become narrower and narrower and eventually leading to complete blockage.4,7Overall, the process of plaque formation and associated thickening, loss of elasticity and narrowing of the artery walls is known as coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis is the major cause of coronary heart disease however, it is also present to some degree in almost every adult male in Western societies. What causes atherosclerosis to occur is complex and uncertain and there is much still to learn. Current thinking is that atherosclerosis results from some kind of response to suffering where initial non-specific injury to the lining of the artery wall triggers the whole pro cess to start up.4,7,8Risk factor insEveryone has some disaster of experiencing heart disease, however, various factors have been identified which increase the take chances of developing coronary heart disease. These include4,6,7,8High cholesterolSmokingLack of exerciseUnhealthy dietObesityDiabetesHigh blood constrict (hypertension)Mental stressHigh levels of certain blood clotting factorsFamily historyAlcohol and coffeeMale genderEthnic group (e.g. Southern Asians in the UK are at higher risk)Most of these risk factors increase the risk of coronary heart disease by increasing the likelihood that atherosclerosis will develop within the coronary arteries themselves. Also, these risk factors have been found to interact. Hence if you have two or more risk factors your overall chance of developing coronary heart disease is proportionally higher than if you just had one risk factor.8Heredity as a risk factorCoronary heart disease often occurs within several members of the same family , indicating that a genetic link may be involved. However, it is difficult to determine if the link amidst family members is due to genes or shared environmental factors, such as diet and exposure to smoke. Genetic factors have been shown to influence cholesterol levels and the amount of blood clotting factors a person has in their blood, which in turn has a knock-on effect on the risk of developing atherosclerosis. Overall, it seems that a combination of genetics and the environment would surpass explain the family link to heart disease. It has been estimated that 40% of the risk is controlled by genes, and 60% is due to environmental factors.4,6High cholesterol as a risk factorThere are two types of cholesterol found in the blood good HDL cholesterol which can protect against the development of heart disease and bad LDL cholesterol which promotes the development of atherosclerosis. There is lots of evidence to show that unhealthy amounts of these two types of fat in the blood, i.e. high LDL and low HDL levels, can increase the chance of developing coronary heart disease. This is because high levels of cholesterol in the blood encourage the formation of plaques within the artery wall and promote the overall process of atheroschlerosis.4,6The cause of high LDL levels has not been clearly established but dietary factors are likely to be involved. There is evidence that a diet high in saturated, but lacking in polyunsaturated, fat may contribute to high cholesterol levels. There is relatively little actual cholesterol in the diet, but saturated fat is converted into cholesterol in the liver.4,6Lack of exercise as a risk factorLack of exercise is a proven risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease. Overall, the risk is a third little in people who exercise compared to those who dont.8 It seems that physical exercise has a protective effect on the development of coronary heart disease. The mechanism vestigial this has not been fully elucidated but certain hypotheses have been put forward. Exercise may increase levels of good HDL cholesterol and also reduce the blood clotting which occurs within atherosclerotic arteries and causes further blockage. Exercise might also help enlarge the coronary arteries and hence increase blood supply to the heart. In order to gain full health benefits from exercise in the reduction of coronary heart disease risk, five bouts of moderate physical activity per week, each lasting a minimum of 30 minutes, are recommended.ConclusionCoronary heart disease is a serious condition caused by the build-up of fatty deposits within the walls of the vital arteries that supply blood to the heart. Coronary heart disease is the major cause of death in Western societies but to a large limit is preventable. Recognising the key risk factors which contribute to the development of atherosclerosis is an important step towards reducing the overall incidence of coronary heart disease.ReferencesWalton J, Beeson PB, Bodley Scott R, 1986. The Oxford Companion to Medicine flock I, A-M. Oxford Oxford University Press.Higgins M, 2001. Patients, families and populations at high risk for coronary heart disease. European Heart Journal, 22 1682-1690.Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry, 2005. Hitting the Target Medicines and Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke. Available at http//www.abpi.org.uk/publications/publication_details/hitting_target/section5b.asp Accessed 14 March 2005.Julian DG Campbell Cowan J, 1992. Cardiology Sixth Edition. London Bailliere Tindal.Vander AJ, Sherman JH, Luciano DS, 1994. Human Physiology The Mechanisms of Body Function. International Edition McGraw-Hill.Edwards CRW Bouchier IAD (Eds), 1991. Davidsons Principles and drill of Medicine Sixteenth Edition. London Churchill Livingston.Singh VN, 2005. Coronary Heart Disease. Emedicine. Available from http//www.emedicinehealth.com/articles/10951-1.asp Accessed 14 March 2005.PRODIGY Guidance, 2004. Preventing Hear t Disease and Stroke. Patient information leaflet. Available at http//www.prodigy.nhs.uk/clinicalguidance/releasedguidance/webBrowser/pils/PL82.htm Accessed 14 March 2005.

The Optimists Daughter: A Look at Death and Dying Essays -- Optimist

The Optimists Daughter A Look at Death and Dying Fay struck let out with her hands, hitting at Major Bullock and Mr. Pitts and Sis, fighting with her m opposite, too, for a moment. She showed her claws at Laurel, and broke from the preachers last-minute arms and threw herself forward across the coffin on to the pillow, hotheaded her lips without aim against the face under hers. She was dragged back into the library, screaming, by Miss Tennyson Bullock, out of sight bottom the blanket of greenery. Judge McKelvas smoking chair lay behind them, overturned (86). This is a short excerpt from The Optimists Daughter (1972) by the Pulitzer Prize winner for fiction, Eudora Welty. The story is centered around Laurel McKelva Hand, a young char who left her home in the South to live in Chicago. While in Chicago she meets Philip Hand, and they are married. Philip, however, goes to war and never returns. Laurel is now venturing to virgin Orleans to be with her dying father. After his death Laurel and her obnoxious stepmother, Fay, travel back to Laurels home town of rear Salus, Mississippi. Once in Mount Salus, Laurel is greeted with many friends and acquaintances. The whole town has already prepared for Laurel and the remains of her father. The day of the funeral the whole town stops to pay their respects the aim ,the bank, the post office, and the court house all close. The funeral is perfect, but Laurel struggles with letting her father go. Laurels bridesmaids also struggle the bridesmaids are Laurels closest friends and range from young to antiquated women. After the funeral is over Fay returns with her family to Texas for a few days while Laurel finishes saying goodbye to her old house. Fay is very bitter t... ...eels about her. Fay, on the other hand, would be lost without her Texan accent. The Optimists Daughter opens the mind of the reader to let him see the many reactions of friends and relatives to death and dying. As Fay strikes out during the funeral it is easy to recognize that refining also plays into peoples reactions. When Fay kisses her husband goodbye, while he was in the coffin, it is because that is what her mother would have done. It can be very hard to deal with the death of a love one, but sometimes it is even harder to deal with how others are reacting. The novel explains that, Memory lived not in initial possession but in the freed hands, pardoned and freed, and in the pump that can empty but fill again, in the patterns of restored dreams(179). Works CitedWelty, Eudora. The Optimists Daughter. The Vintage Book 1990 Edition. New York.

Maine :: essays research papers

MAINE Maine is a state in northerly New England in the join States. It is bounded by the Canadian provinces of Qubec on the northwest and New Brunswick on the north easterly. To the southwest lies New Hampshire, and to the southeast, the Atlantic Ocean. Maine entered the Union on March 15, 1820, when it was separated from mommy to form the 23rd state. Augusta is Maines capital. Portland is the largest city. Its nickname is The Pine Tree State. Maines motto is Dario (I lead). The state song is entitled State of Maine Song. Maine ranks 39th in size among the states, with an landing field of 33,741 sq mi. The area includes 2,263 sq mi) of inland water and 613 sq mi of coastal water over which it has jurisdiction. It is by far the largest state in New England and has an area nearly equal to that of only the other New England states combined. The states greatest east-west distance is 202 mi the greatest north-south distance is 311 mi. The mean elevation is closely 600 ft.All of Main e was once covered by glaciers, the last of which receded about 10,000 years ago. Because of the glaciers, much of Maine is covered with stones, boulders, and clays. Many of the hills and mountains have been rounded, lakes have been formed, and river courses have been changed. Although glaciers covered all of Maine, there are nevertheless substantial physiographic differences in the regions of the state. Maine can be divided into three major natural regions the White Mountain section, the New England Upland, and the seaboard Lowland. These three regions are part of the New England province, which in turn forms part of the Appalachian Region.Maine has a humid continental climate with a moderate pass and a long winter. The climate is generally milder along the coast, particularly in the winter. The average January temperatures in Maine range from about 10 F in the northern part of the state to about 24 F along the coast. Average July temperatures range from 62 to 70 F with the south ern interior being the warmest and the east coast and north the coolest. However, daytime summer temperatures may reach the deplorableer 90s F, and temperatures in winter have fallen as low as -48 F in the interior.The population of Maine in 2000 was 1,274,923, according to the national census, ranking it 40th among the states.