Cognitive and Language Development

Whether we know it or not children begin learning from the moment they take their entrance into this world by listening, looking, and interacting with people and objects (Gleitman, 1981) that carries them from birth through adulthood. Literacy Development in children is sort of the same thing but it is focused mainly on things that help them with speaking, listening, reading, understanding, watching, drawing and writing.Infants and Toddlers are like sponges; they absorb everything about their environment (Lally, Torres, & Phelps, 1993). They learn through sensory and motor experiences (Gleitman, 1981). You might say well how I can help them with all of this it is a lot. Well here are some ways that you can help them with out having to do a lot. Infants ( Cognitive & Language Development) Put a mobile over the crib, he/she will enjoy it Let them listen to classical music Read to infants.They may not understand you but it helps develop early literacy skills Play peek-a-boo Let the infa nt play with an unbreakable mirror so they can see their reflection Sing/Talk to infants during feeding and while changing diapers Toddlers (Cognitive & Language Development) While reading to toddlers, name objects in the book and let them point the objects out Hide a toy and encourage the child to find it. For example, behind your back or under the table, etc. Encourage the child to sing songs with youEncourage to stack blocks and let them knock them over so they can see them fall If the child is saying simple words like dog or ball, try and use them in a simple sentence like â€Å"Where is the dog? † so they can start learning to put sentences together Infant & Toddler (Literacy Development) Try an use rhyming whenever you can- helps them understand the meaning of words as well as how they are created Repeat sounds you child makes, or make up sounds and see if you child can copy them Talk about the sounds animals make and ask your child to copy When you are out take a book as well as a toy with youEncourage your child to draw and write using pens, pencils, crayons, and markers Try and get them to write their name on all the art work they do Help them use play dough to make the letters of the alphabet or numbers Visit the library with your child, let choose the books they would want to take home School Aged Children (Literacy Development) Play words games that encourage children to learn sounds Talk about TV shows your child is watching, talk about the past, the future Take turns reading with your child Read stories then ask the child about themEncourage your child to read the names of items at the supermarket Select a few alphabet letters and move them around to make new sounds-bat, tab, abt and ask them which words are real Ask he/she to make you a book with a word on one side and a picture on the other Or let them write a grocery list or a restaurant menu just for play School Aged Children (Cognitive & Language Development) Learning to write letters and draw circles Identifying colors and drawing more complex people Knowing the difference between morning, noon and night The biggest thing for preschoolers is to PLAY.Playing is very important for their cognitive development. It promotes healthy brain development and helps children build confidence, begin to solve problems and work with others. These skills help them build leadership and group skills. REFERENCES: Cognitive Development for School Aged Children- http://www. livestrong. com/article/541776-why-is-cognitive-development-important-in-preschool/ Literacy Development- http://raisingchildren. net. au/articles/activities_to_promote_literacy. html/context/1217 Cognitive Development for Infants & Toddlers- www. highreach. com

Gold Bear Golf INC. Essay

1.The professional auditing standards have a set of five management assertions. Of the five assertions, three are very important in regards to the Paragon audit. The descriptions below, audit procedure is explained that would have ensured the audit was completed accurately. a.Occurrence- The management assertion that ensures a particular transaction actually happened. In the case of a construction company such as Paragon, this could be verified by going to a job site and checking to see if the job is actually happening. b.Valuation/Allocation- The management assertion that ensures the transactions are accounted for the correct amount. Changing from percentage-of completion method to the earned value method resulted in significantly overstated revenues and material misstatements in the financial statements. The audit procedure that should take place in this situation is inspection of the records. Looking back at the records would show the change was not supported by the accepted accou nting standards. c.Presentation/Disclosure- The management assertion that ensures all changes within a company are stated in the notes of the financials. These changes should be easy to understand and depict a complete picture of the company from the year. The audit procedure that should have taken place during the audit is inquiry. Sullivan and the staff should have questioned the managers on his or her decisions instead of taking their word as to why the changes were made. 2.The audit failures the SEC were referring to was the fact that Sullivan and his staff relied on the manager’s word. Sullivan and staff did not perform the accurate assertions to test the information provided from Paragon’s managers. The audit partner, Sullivan in this case, is the individual who is in charge of ensuring everyone on the audit is performing his or her job completely and accurately. Sullivan will take the blunt of the responsibility because he is ultimately the person who is in charge of overseeing the auditing the audit as a whole, but the audit staff should also face consciences from the findings. 3.A high risk audit means the chance that of material misstatement and fraudulent activities are significantly higher. Weak controls, changes in management, and changes in accounting methods are several reasons why an auditor would conclude a company is a â€Å"high risk† engagement. The audit partner basis the risk of engagement on his or her observations from the company. When working a high  risk engagement, an auditor will examine a higher percentage of the transactions from throughout the year. Checking more transactions means the auditors are going to produce the most accurate financials possible and ensuring no fraudulent activities are taking place within the company. 4.Auditors do have the responsibility of following the AICPA Audit and Accounting Guides for specialized industries. The AICPPA set guidelines for companies in these industries to follow to ensure the end product is of highest quality. Auditors should make sure the managers are following all of the rules and regulation set forth for that type of company, but these guidelines should never override or replace the Statements on Auditing and Standards. The Statement and Auditing Standards is the rule book for how and what is to be performed in an audit. the AICPA should make the Audit and Accounting Guides for specialized industries in accordance with the Statement and Auditing Standards so the companies are operating with the highest quality, in both products and financial standing. 5.When making a change in the accounting principle used within a company, there has to be very good reason why the company wants to. When these changed are made, they must be presented retrospectively. Managers must produce the financial statements for the past several years so the public can see the effects it has on the company. On the other hand, the changes in accounting estimates are applied prospectively. Managers use the new method in estimating cost and revenues from that point forward. The changes Paragon made are for accounting estimates. The percentage-in-completion method and the earned value method are accounting estimate methods. Boyd and Curbello will use the new method from that point forward. The problem Paragon ran into is disclosure. The changes were not properly disclosed in the financials. This is a problem because two method result in very different numbers for the company.

1. The war on terror is more important than the war on poverty Essay

1. The war on terror is more important than the war on poverty. Discuss - Essay Example Appendix A shows a table of the cost of various war events. This essay analyzes the impact the current war on terror has on the worldwide battle against hunger. The official data the war between the United States and its allies commence was after the terrorist attacks on the twin towers in which two commercial airplanes were used as missiles by suicidal bombers who took hostile all the civilians abort these aircrafts. Thousands of people lost their lives and the top financial epicenter in the world was shutdown causing chaos. The airline transportation and energy industry were hit hard as well as the entire global economy since it entered into disequilibrium. The efforts of the developed nation that today compose G8 were not doing enough to battle world hunger prior to the war, after the start on Terror the battle against hunger became even less important to the developed world and huge amounts of funds were diverted for war related activities. Around the world there are many places in which its inhabitants simply do not have anything to eat and suffer from malnutrition to the level that people are dying on hunger which is why the existence of this atrocity and the efforts to combat it is called the war on hunger. In the southern part of Africa below the Sahara there are over 33 million children living in malnutrition in a sub-human standard of living; in 2006 five million children in Africa died from malnutrition a figure that represents 40% of the deaths worldwide (Country Insight, 2007). Society has to stop this immediately and bring a resolution to end this war in order to ensure everyone on earth has a plate of food on the table. Other regions that are suffering the victims of the battle against hunger are the overpopulated country of India, the Middle East region and Latin America. The war of poverty requires trillions of dollars as well a plan to develop the economies of these nation for them

Inaugural Address of Barack Obama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Inaugural Address of Barack Obama - Essay Example The most successful use of addressing the emotional needs of the American audience was the clever interplay of words. The way he also appealed to the audience’s emotion and logic was a combination of arguments, evidence, and language. The use of such emotion-generating phrases like â€Å"gathering clouds and raging storms†, â€Å"noble ideas†, â€Å"the greatness of our nation†, and â€Å"bitter swill of civil war and segregation† (Obama, We Seek A New Way Forward) in his speech are consistent, effectively, and cleverly infused throughout the various subjects that he was discussing that his attempt to persuade his audience by tapping into their emotions was prevalent throughout the speech that it blended so well it sounded natural. Moreover, the prudent usages of such phrases are not abused in the sense that Obama relies solely on them. Rather he used it as a way to simplify the concepts he was trying to address in a manner that the average American could understand. Obama’s emotional appeal was an appeal for solidarity, acceptance, loyalty, and most of all patriotism in spite of the diversity of the American people by reiterating the commonalities and shared experiences. Shared social struggles throughout history of Americans as a people of migrants and how these struggles are continuing today for current migrants who â€Å"toiled in sweatshops and settled the West; endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth† (Obama, We Seek A New Way Forward)   and shared economic burden that Americans are experiencing across all walks of life in almost all business sectors. These commonalities are highlighted in an attempt to forge cooperation through shared experiences, shared history, shared sentiments, shared values, and a common vision.  Ã‚  

Slavery and movents to end it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Slavery and movents to end it - Essay Example However, the most flourishing anti-slavery movement at that time was the abolitionism movement. The main objective of abolitionism was to radically emancipate all slaves in the country and to end segregation and discrimination that was rampant in the American society at the time (Filler 1833). The radical nature of abolitionism distinguished the movement from other movements of its historical period. Abolitionism movement was also fueled by religious dedication in the second great awakening. The movement’s popularity therefore attracted contradictory and similar opinions from different scholars. The authors, Douglass, Pessen, and Thoreau held similar opinion on the necessity of radical transformation in ending slavery in the United States of America. In his writing, Frederick Douglass emphasized the need for immediate and radical action to end slavery and racism in the state. He offered an indomitable voice of hope to slavery in his writing. In his lecture, Frederick also talked about the need to embrace anti-slavery politics in the country. In his writings, Pessen talked about the need to fight for equality of the entire American citizenry. He condemned the unjust glorification of man through the use of erroneous information. During the abolitionism movement, Pessen discussed how the enslaved women and black Americans were mistreated by the government and other owners of the means of production (David 177). Henry David Thoreau emphasized the need for civil noncompliance in the fight for the rights of the enslaved minorities and women in the society. He was once imprisoned for breaking the law by declining to remit tax revenues. It is clear that, Douglass, Pessen, and Henry David Thoreau advocated for a radical movement that would eliminate slavery and forge discussions for fairness justice for all citizens of America. These renowned authors were solidly behind the abolitionism movement. The three held diverse opinions on the manner in which radical

Course of negotiants Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Course of negotiants - Case Study Example Organizations feel the need for negotiations depending on three different perspectives. The first is when the parties involved are interested in establishing a relationship on a particular front and work towards reaching a common understanding on the connected parameters and constraints. The other case when negotiations usually take place is in the case of disagreements over a number of issues and this usually occurs on a wide range of issues right from economic to military/nuclear based decisions. The other form of negotiations or bargaining is used by organizations when they are supposed to make a decision on or whose future course of operation is dependent on the decision by another organization. Typical examples of the last form are common case when a nation is deciding the amount of subsidies to be offered to a country from the third world (Muthoo, 1999). A lot of the negotiations are based on economic related issues and the most usual cases at an organizational level pertain to issues such as salaries, work conditions, promotions etc. in the present case, the dispute between the AUT (Association of University Teachers) and the Universities in the UK during 2005-06 shall be discussed and an attempt shall be made to analyze the course of the negotiations by assessing against them against the various negotiation and bargaining theories that shall be discussed in the coming chapters. In 2006, the AUT was involved in a wage dispute with UK universities as their salaries had not been increased despite a rise in the amount of tuition fees. As a result of the dispute in wages, the AUT was forced to observe a strike and this prompted the need for negotiations in order to settle the connected issues. The most important requirement to press ahead with the negotiations was the fact that the universities were concerned that if no proper action was taken, then the students' schedule would get affected as a result of the increase in the agitation on the part of the AUT. As the specifics of the negotiations are discussed, it will become clear that there was a lot of progress on a number of issues and a number of key decisions were taken during the course of the negotiations on issues such as increased wages and revised work schedules.The dissertation will work towards analyzing a number of options that arose during the course of the AUT-university negotiations and this shall be done by analyzing the variables that determined the resulting outcome of the negotiations. The paper will also work towards establishing the various fa ctors that influenced the course of the negotiations in the long run. It is also deemed important that the research also focus on assessing how things could have improved during the negotiation process and will attempt to analyze each of the possibilities. The next section will comprise the literature review of the dissertation and will attempt to discuss the various theories by looking up at the various literatures available. LITERATURE REVIEWThe previous section has provided a brief introduction about the purpose of dissertation and the basic issues that the research will cover as part of the current case study. However, the analysis is being performed by basing upon a number of theories that are an inherent part of negotiation and b

Institutional Investment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Institutional Investment - Essay Example The discussion will, however, start by providing background information on the two plans. These plans are abstractly simpler and involve the employer (and in some cases the employee) making regular contributions to the retirement account of the employee. The amount of contributions is predetermined, usually a specified fraction of the salary. This fraction is, however, subject to alterations in the course of the employee’s career. In this plan, the both contributions are tax-deductible although the investment income accumulates tax-free. In most cases, the employee decides on his/her choice of account investment. This may include investing in stock markets, bonds or any security that pleases them. At retirement, the employee can either receive an annuity or a lump sum, and the size of this money depends on the value of the accumulated funds in the employee’s retirement account (Poterba et al., 2007). The employee bears the risk of their investment and thus the employer has no any extra obligation beyond contributing to their employee’s retirement pla n account. The valuation of defined contribution plans is simple and involves measuring the market value of the assets created in the retirement account. In most cases, the employee is guided in their personal financial planning by their defined contributions plan’s sponsor (Clark 1999). Unlike the defined contributions plan which focuses more on the value of retirement account’s created assets, defined benefits plan focuses on the flow of benefits received by the employee at retirement. Typically, a defined benefits plan uses the employee’s wage history and the years of service as the determinants of the value of the benefit (Huberman, Iyengar & Jiang 2007). Upon retirement, the employee receives a defined monthly amount that is guaranteed for their life and that of their spouse. In some cases, the plan allows room

A Critique of Taylor's Concept of Multiculturalism in Relation to Essay

A Critique of Taylor's Concept of Multiculturalism in Relation to Nation Building - Essay Example The society is a framework within which different people interact to create various inclinations and trends which define the culture3. The world is a dynamic place and as changes occur in societies, there are numerous tendencies that makes it impossible for cultures to continue to be transferred from generation to generation. This therefore brings to play the concept of â€Å"cultural survival† which is concerned with the ability of a given culture to stand the test of time that comes with modernisation4. Professor Charles Taylor supports the communitarian school of thought which claims that the idea of individualism evolved as a consequence of some failures in the development of the modern Eurocentric society5. Due to individualism, the risk of cultural survival is now higher than it has ever been in the past. He holds that the replacement of communal structures with individualism is gradually causing the human race to lose important morals and values. As an antidote to this, communitarians believe that the social structures should be rebuilt and this can be done through enhancing different cultures in a given nation. This idea has become popularly known as the recognition of culture. Recognition of culture therefore refers to the respect of people's distinct cultures and allowing different people to practice their different cultures in a given nation. ... Taylor's argument, called the politics of equal respect implies that distinct cultures will have to be respected and allowed to thrive in a nation, even if it comes with wide differences. Theoretically, the recognition of culture means that if people from extremely different ends of the world come together in a given geographical area, they should be allowed to maintain their unique values, irrespective of how different they are. It is therefore obvious that this position of Taylor gives room for a wide diversity of possibilities which cannot go unchecked. In this paper, I examine the key debates of Taylor in relation to the concept of the recognition of differences in cultures. I will critically assess the validity of the communitarian views on the subject by comparing them to counter arguments and criticisms of his ideas. I will utilise various philosophical positions and ideologies of various thinkers and theorists and use them to validate or reject various propositions presented by Taylor and other communitarians. The paper argues that the idea of communitarianism is the best way for the survival of today's society and although there are some inherent challenges in it that threaten to prevent cohesion it is the only viable option in socializing children. The Basis of Taylor's Argument Taylor, in his book Ethics of Authenticity built a strong case against the existing systems and structures in the modern society. He identifies that there are three main 'malaises' or cankers in our modern society that are potentially dangerous to the current society7. The first malaise is the concept of individualism. People tend to have the freedom to decide what is right and choose to do it for themselves. Thus, whatever is convenient to an individual

Persuasive Research Paper on Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Persuasive Research Paper on Abortion - Essay Example e in favor of one direction over the other, are events such as rape, the certain death of the mother or baby if the pregnancy is allowed to continue and cases of incest. The purpose of this paper is to discuss abortion in both a political, moral and feminist light with respect to all of the educated arguments that currently surround the issue. Let us first discuss the most common reasons for one to decide to have an abortion. Abortion is often an alternative to accidental pregnancies or rather, pregnancies which are not planned. Specifically in the case of teen girls who have engaged in unprotected sex. In many cases, these young teens are not only feeling alone and frightened, but are fearful of the response that their parents may have at the news of their daughter’s pregnancy. In many states, a young girl can procure a legal abortion without the consent or knowledge of her parents. While this does well to illuminate children born into situations where they will not be cared for properly, it also creates the appearance that abortion is simply a contraceptive method no different than condoms or birth control pills. This could not be farther from the truth. While it is unclear even to scientists and doctors, when to accurately say that a human fetus is alive, it is a daring assumption to make that a fetus at any poi nt in development is decidedly not a human being yet and therefore not protected from the act of homicide. Certainly, a woman’s body is her own and that fact is undisputable, period. It is important however, to consider that once a woman knowingly engages in the act of intercourse at which time she can feasible become responsible for another living organism growing inside of her which will one day be a human being, that woman becomes representative of two lives and not just one, her own. In this event, the woman should be subject to laws which actively protect both her and the individual growing within her. This is a very clear course of

The Islam marriage and Muslim family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Islam marriage and Muslim family - Essay Example Parents choose a spouse, and the choice of a partner is a result of father's approval or that of Maliki school guardian. Taqwa is also one of the basic conditions of successful marriage in the Islamic world: it means piety which is reflected in the possibility of women and men to see each other with the purpose to determine critically whether they suit each other or not. Taqwa is also determined as the fear of Allah and a distinct communications between husbands and wives. Husband and wife should express truthfulness and straightforwardness to each other: they should say truth and be able to express their ideas strait and with mutual consent. Love and mercifulness of the spouses should be the basis for successful marriage in Islamic traditions, as they take very important place in the Qur'an. The main positions and roles of Islamic wife are to be obedient, to be attractive and to be a good mother; she should cover her face and not to show it to other men. The main positions and roles of the husband are to be a leader of his family and to support his wife, as the Qur'an says that men are the supporters of women (4:34). The ideal is a traditional family, but the Qur'an allows men to have a family of four wives (4:3).

Phidias & Associates Essay Example for Free

Phidias Associates Essay In the best interest of the productivity and success of Phidias Associates, I’d like to suggest the adoption of a corporate strategy already in use by NASA and other leading countries across the world. Corporate napping is an exceptionally cost-effective and efficient way to improve the accuracy, alertness, and speed of workers by as much as 34%. The conversion of Phidias Associates to a nap friendly zone would enhance the experience of around 92% of employees. Immediate improvements in energy, creativity, problem-solving, and job satisfaction would be in the bright future of this company. The first step to realizing the reality of this advancement is the addition of a nap room to the offices of Phidias Associates. What other room in our building can offer such impressive gains for our country? A nap room doesn’t need to be elaborate. Many companies utilize a sound proof room, several couches, and a dimmer switch to provide a place for employees to recharge and renew. Rather than rearranging the office space, I’ve discovered an even easier alternative for the company to immediately begin reaping the benefits of corporate napping. The company MetroNaps rents and sells individualized EnergyPods to high-paced future-thinking organizations like Phidias Associates. For only $12,485, we could purchase an EnergyPod. There’s also the option to rent EnergyPods for only $10/per employee/per month. A productivity boom is only a small investment away! In addition to a place to nap, our employees will require one other change to fully embrace this advancement. In America, a strong negative stigma surrounds the concept of napping in the workforce. This judgment is holding back our country’s and company’s potential for success. Other countries, like Japan, and some of our own country’s top leaders, like Thomas Edison and John Kennedy, utilized napping for its purpose-the restore energy. A few brief informative meetings and distribution of educational materials could change the mindset of Phidias Associates to view napping as a tool for our company’s growth. Ten and twenty years ago, large and successful companies modernized their facilities by adding fitness centers. Realizing that physical and mental health extends beyond the benefits of exercise, corporate napping is what’s missing from our organization. By becoming a leader in the industry, we can harness the secret gains of this largely unknown trick to boosting productivity. Nap rooms benefit the executives, the employees, and the advancement of Phidias Associates. Please consider the lofty paybacks of installing a nap room and e-mail me your reply.

Continuing Professional Education in Nursing

Continuing Professional Education in Nursing Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature This section shows the significant studies about the literatures on factors influencing continuing participation education among nurses in selected tertiary hospitals. This section talks about the discussions of the research. It is made up of the following; what is continuing professional education, Motivations to CPE, Barriers to CPE and the Requirements for CPE. What is Continuing Professional Education or CPE? Continuing Professional Education is a type of education that is conducted for participants in different professional fields that will help them keep their knowledge and skills updated and other relatable information that will aid them to achieve wider understanding of their selected profession. The CPE consist of programs that are properly arranged and planned set of activities, the implementation of the program requires the participation of well determined group of professionals that are seeking improvements with their knowledge and skill to maintain their capacity to work for their profession. The American Nursing Association defines continuing nursing education as education activities planned to construct the educational and experience base for professional nurses and to strengthen practice, education, administration, research or theoretical development, with a view to improving users’ health (Peà ±a, Castillo, 2006). It is the responsibility and accountability of a professional to continue his/her professional development and is vital to organizational and professional success (O’Sullivan 2004). Continuing Professional Education is considered as the systematic maintenance, improvement and broadening of knowledge and skills, and the development of personal qualities necessary for execution of professional, technical duties throughout the individual’s working life (A.Yfantis et al., 2010). The primary objective of continuing professional education is to facilitate continuous career growth, professional development and to improve nursing practices (National League for Nursing, 2001). Motivation to Continue Professional Education Motivation is what drives a professional to participate in an activity like continuing professional education that will help them improve their skills and knowledge regarding their profession to make them more competent and more reliable to execute things that should be done in their work area. In this area, the previous studies showed some motivational factors that affected the decisions of nurses to continue professional education. Improving quality of patient care involves the participation of nurses in continuing education (Rebecca, 2000). The previous Jordanian study showed the consistency of result that for nurses to improve their knowledge and skills they have to participate in continuing education (Al-Bakheit, 1991). Professional reasons are what motivate nurses to participate in continuing education (F. Hayajneh, 2009). Upgrading skills and knowledge to increase professionalism are the factors that motivate Malayan nurses to participate in continuing professional education (Muthu, 2006). Increasing professional knowledge, compliance with the policy of the hospital, improvement of skills in taking care of patients and to meet the recommended goal of status are the major factors identified that motivate Hong Kong nurses to participate in continuing professional education (Lai, 2006). The study found that participating in continuing professional development had a great beneficial effect in the planning of nursing care and formulating techniques and thinking what to do in practice (A. Yfantis, I, Tiniakou E, Yfanti, 2010). Those nurses who are less satisfied with their career goals for income and advancement may realize that their work environment is stressful and they may believe that an additional nursing degree will afford them wider chance, and this will make them more motivated to enroll for higher degree program (J. I. Warren, M. E. Mills, 2009). The results showed that those nurses who are satisfied with their career are less likely to engage in continuing professional education because they are already contented with their job (J. I. Warren, et al., 2009). The patients are expecting high quality health care services from health care providers which lead them to enhance their educational status in order to meet the expectations of the patients (A. Yfantis e t al., 2010). The main goals of participating in continuing professional education are to enhance and improve practice and to make sure that the care being delivered is the highest quality that a professional can give for its patient (Claflin, 2005). Nurses supported the importance of lifelong learning and recognized the value of continuing education that assists them in coping with changes in their work environment (Hayajneh, 2009). The primary motivator to continue extended education came from personal desire, which quoted as consistent with the literature (Delaney Piscopo, 2004; Reilley, 2003). Professional knowledge, professional advancement, relief from routine, compliance with authority, improvement in social welfare skills, and improvement in social relations and acquisition of credentials are the most common factors found in the previous studies that motivates professional nurses to participate in continuing education (Kristjanson Scanlon, 1989; Thomas, 1986; Waddell, 1993). Technology and nursing practice continually change, creating a need for nurses to pursue continuing education to remain competent (D. J. Schweitzer, T. J. Krassa, 2010). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations are the reasons why nurses participate in continuing education (Kubsch, Henniges, Lorenzoni, Eckardt, Oleniczak, 2003). With the attendance to continuing education, job satisfaction increases (Kubsch et al., 2003), burnout decreases (Espeland, 2006; Kubsch et al., 2003), and skills are updated (Sousher et al., 2999; Wood, 2006). Motivational factors includes nurses’ desire to be current, obtain immediate practical benefit, secure advancement, meet formal requirements, and interact with colleagues (Dealy Bass, 1995). One way to keep on nursing advances is to attend continuing professional education opportunities (D. J. Schweitzer, T. J. Krassa, 2010). Barriers to Continuing Professional Education The barriers are the factors that hinder professionals to continue professional education hence, making them less competent or less reliable compared to those who are motivated to enhance their skills and knowledge to perform better in the work area. Here, we will see the different barriers identified by the previous studies that affect the decision and eligibility of nurses to join in activities that will improve their skills and knowledge as a professional. The common barriers include money, family, time and interest to pursue professional education. These factors are still present since the past years and are not easy to eliminate in the list of barriers. The barriers includes the cost of tuition, responsibilities in the family, lack of information about program and work responsibilities, opinion of peers, and the attitudes (Glass, T. Atkinson, 1999).Lack of availability of courses on personal interests, lack of time, and difficulty in requesting time off from work are some of the barrier in continuing professional education (Lee, Tiwari, Choi, Yuen and Wong, 2005). Non supportive supervisors, non-supportive spouses, unchangeable work schedules, not enough funds and time, and distance of travel (Beatty, 2001). Schedule of work and responsibilities, lack of budget, travel distance to CE, and lack of available programs that will provide their needs were major barriers for nurses to continue education (Aucoin, 1998). On the other hand, According to (Yfantis, A., Tiniakou, I., and Yfanti, E, 2010) another finding is that nurses doesn’t have past experiences and also can’t assess the effectiveness because of the new programs that are established. There were consistent deterrents over the last 20 years of study regarding continuing professional education and these include lack of quality or interesting topics, lack of benefit in attending continuing education, lack of support from the administration, and peer opinions and attitudes (D. J. Schweitzer, T. J. Krassa, 2010). There were five major factors listed that prevented nurses from participating in continuing professional education and these are work commitments, time constraints, schedule of continuing education programs, domestic responsibilities, and the cost of courses which is consistent in the previous studies about continuing professional education (M. C. Chong, K. Francis, K. L. Abdullah, 2011). In the past 20 years, there were identified deterrents that are consistently present in the list of barriers and these are lack of quality or interesting topic for the participants, lack of benefit in attending Continuing Education, lack of support from the administration and the peer opinions and their attitudes. All these deterrents have a great effect on the motivation of a professional to pursue continuing education (D. J. Schweitzer, T. J. Krassa, 2010). Minimal research has been conducted to investigate the perception of rural health care providers regarding the availability and accessibility of relevant continuing education (A. Jukkala, S. Henly, L. Lindeke, 2008). There are multiple barriers experienced by the rural health care professionals when they try to access continuing professional education, geographic isolation (Curran, Fleet, Kirby, 2006; Hegge, Powers, Hendrickx, Vinson, 2002), lack of financial resources (Alexander, Chadwick, Slay, Petersen, Pass, 2002), and in ability to take time away from work (Hendrickx). There are identified natural barriers to participation in distant continuing education and these are rough geographic terrain and inclement weather which makes travel in rural areas complicated (A. Jukkala, S. Henly, L. Lindeke, 2008). Top reasons selected for not pursuing higher education included: too old, won’t earn more money, not needed by hospitals, and not needed to give good care (Altmann, 2011). Work commitments, domestic responsibilities, time constraints, scheduling of CPE activities, and cost of course are the top five most important factors that prevented nurses from participating in CPE based on the previous studies (M. C. Chong, K. Francis, K. L. Abdullah, 2011). Time constraint and family commitment were factors affecting the flexibility of the nurses’ availability for CPE such as arrangement for household chores and child care, travelling, and access to computers during nonworking time are other barriers (M. C. Chong, K. Francis, K. L. Abdullah, 2011). Younger and less experienced nurses participated in continuing professional education to a lesser level because of the financial implications associated with accessing continuing professional education (M. C. Chong, K. Francis, K. L. Ab dullah, 2011). Participation in continuing education was made as an obligation to the nurses in other countries because they knew that professionals are lacking in motivation to voluntarily update their skills and knowledge when there is no external pressure (Peà ±a et al., 2006). Requirements for Continuing Professional education There are things that a professional must have to make them eligible to participate in an activity that can help them grow as a more trustworthy person in their chosen career. In this area, the different studies showed some of the requirements needed to make a professional be engaged in an activity that will make them more proficient. In continuing professional education it is important to develop a positive attitude to benefit more and to have a significant improvement in professional self-development and growth of an individual (F. Hayajneh, 2009). Professional reasons like improving knowledge and nursing skills to provide better care for patients are stated as the reason why nurses are participating in continuing education. Study showed also that nurses are aware that they need to enhance their knowledge and skills in nursing to provide a more quality care for their patients (F. Hayajneh, 2009). Recent studies showed that senior nurses are more capable of participating in continuing education because of their higher income compared to those nurses in lower position (M. C. Chong, K. Francis, K. L. Abdullah, 2011). But this finding was contradicted by Bariball and While (1996) stating that younger and less experienced nurses favored continuing professional education. Enabling continuous professional development in health care needs a revitalizing work environment, mentoring and support for the registered nurses. Clinical managers in the United Kingdom stated that Continuing Professional Development is a very important factor in enhancing job satisfaction. Having an attainable and high level continuing educational programs are connected to job satisfaction (Andrews et al., 2005; Levett-Jones, 2005). The capacity of group to encourage and maintain health care professionals is greatly needed to convince nurses to continue professional education (Booth Lawrence, 2001; Brewer, Zayas, Kahn, Sienkiewicz, 2006). Specialization requires that nurses keep up-to-date with new information in nursing science (Hayajneh, 2009). Positive attitudes will increase the number of nurses who participate. Program developers can focus on needed continuing education content within their institutions to develop and maintain professionally and scientifically guided care for patients (Hayajneh, 2009). In order for nursing profession to achieve professionalism, nurses must develop greater skills, undertake higher educa tion, and engage in lifelong learning (Happell, 2004). Nursing prudence demands that nurses continue to advance their knowledge in nursing and its foundational disciplines (Orem, 2001). Full commitment of health care agencies and schools of nursing with dedicated mentors at all sites can identify and motivate nurses to enrol for an advanced degree. Admission, registration, advisement, and instructional support designed to ease transition to the student role are effective. Tuition support and instructional flexibility are major incentives (J. I. Warren, M. E. Mills, 2009). The nursing degree curriculum in Malaysia generally encompasses nursing sciences, behavioral science, health sciences, and information technology and communication skills. Research is an important component of degree program, student are required to attend three credit hours of research and biostatic courses, and to conduct a project with contribute six credit hours of the courses (Chong et al., 2011). The Nursing Board of Malaysia in 1998 was influenced by the globalization wave regarding development in nursing to include the requirement of CPE in the Nurses’ Code of Conduct. All nurses should have at least ten hours in CPE activities per year (Chong et al., 2011). The Malaysian Nurses’ Board required the participation of nurses in a minimum of hours of education and training each year (Chong et al., 2011). References: Andrews,M.E., Stewart,N.J., Pitblado,J.R., Morgan,D.G., Forbes,D., DArcy,C. (2005).Registered nurses working alone in rural and remote Canada.Canadian Journal of Nursing Research,37(1), 14-33. Beatty,R.M. (2001). Continuing professional education, organizational support, and professional competence: Dilemmas of rural nurses.The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing,32(5), 203-209. Booth,B., Lawrence,R. (2001). Quality assurance and continuing education needs of rural and remoter general practitioners: How are they changing?Australian Journal of Rural Health,9(6), 265-274. Deacon,M., Warne,T., McAndrew,S. (2006). Closeness, chaos and crisis: The attraction of working in acute mental health care.Journal of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing,13, 750-757. Gould,D., Daniel,K., Len,G., Maidwell,A. (2001). The changing training needs of clinical nurse managers: exploring issues for continuing professional development.J AdvNurs, 34(1), 7-17. Griscti,O., Jacono,J. (2006). Effectiveness of Continuing education programs in nursing: Literature review.Journal of Advanced Nursing,55(4), 449-456. Hayajneh, PhD, RN,F. (2009).Attitudes of Professional Jordanian Nurses toward Continuing Education.The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing,40(1), 44. Huseman,R.C. (2009). The importance of positive culture in hospitals.Journals of Nursing Administration,39, 60-63. Lee,A.C. K., Tiwari,A.F. Y., Choi,E.W. H., Yuen,K.H., Wong,A. (2005). Hong Kong nurses’ perceptions of and participation in continuing education.The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing,36(5), 205-212. Schweitzer,D.J., Krassa,T.J. (2010). Deterrents to Nurses Participation in Continuing Professional Development.The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing,41(10), 441-447. Rebecca,M.B. (2000).Rural nurses attitudes toward participation in continuing professional education.Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, State College. Yfantis,A., Tiniakou,I., Yfanti,E. (2010).Nurses attitudes regarding Continuing Professional Development in a district hospital in Greece.Health Science Journal,4(3), 198.

Iconic Images of the 1980s

Iconic Images of the 1980s Images of 1980s Speaking of 1980s often people think about Reagan, â€Å"Greed is good†, and funny hair styles. Of course the 80s were more than that, but if you asked me what I am thinking about the 1980s it would be a longest â€Å"Mhm† followed by â€Å"I was not even born yet.† However, images can be a tool for us to study the detail of history. The greatest thing about learning history for a visual person is to look into photos. Each and every photograph has a story to tell. Ever since the technology of modern camera was introduce in the 18 century, people have been using this technique to capture memorable moments.   Ã‚   Photography in the 1980s was personal and political, or a mixture of both. Nevertheless, thanks to the photographers who are there to capture events, the future generation can study them. What happened at the scene of Reagan’s attempted Assassination? How big was the crowed when the Berlin wall fell down at 1989? What did Chernobyl look like after the explosion? I believe those events had already been symbolized. Some say â€Å"history always repeats itself.† That is somehow true if we look deeper into every decades. The world still has the same problems that happened before. What is so special about the 1980s is that is a historical turning point. Through several iconic photos of the 1980s the decade can be seen as one plagued with wars, tragic events and political unrest, but it was also a decade where freedom and human rights were advanced. Afghan Girl, 1985 (See Figure 1) The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan during 1977-1980 might been seen as a milestone of U.S. history due to the help we have been giving, but due to poor Sharbat Gula and her family it is not an event to be celebrated. In 1985, National Geographic photographer Steve McCurry shot a portrait of a 12 year-old Afghan girl named Sharbat Gula made it to the cover of National Geographic Magazine. However, what people could not see in the photo â€Å"Afghan Girl† was the reason that caused Sharbat Gula’s sorrow eyes. From 1979 to 1989, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan armed with Arab resistance launched a war of aggression and counter-aggression. The evening of December 27, the Soviet Union deployed eight divisions, Special Forces, and airborne troops in a brutal military invasion of Afghanistan. In only three and a half hours, they gained â€Å"complete military and political control of Kabul and large portions of the country† (Office of Historian) Until early 1980, 8.5 million troops invaded which gradually increased to 10 million people. There were almost 10 years long of ongoing civil wars, invasions and conflicts in Afghanistan. Unfortunately, little Sharbat Gula was born into this event. After the Soviet invasion of blatant military, the Afghan people in the nation in danger of life and death, the original anti-government revolutionary activity soon developed into a larger anti-Soviet war against the Soviet Union. According to the article â€Å"A Life Revealed: Along Afghanistans War-torn Frontier† by Debra Denker, Sharbat Gula’s village was bombed and invaded by Soviet Union around the early 80s. Unfortunately, Sharbat Gula’s parents were killed by bombing, about 100 people died from war, 600 million people were forced to flee their homes and become refugees. Later, photographer Steve McCurry visited Afghanistan, and was given a â€Å"war-torn frontier.† tour. In one of the refugee camps, he ca ptured the hunting face of Sharbat Gula among other similar age girls. Sharbat Gula’s portrait became the symbol of post war fear of the Muslim world (Denker). In 1988, under the auspices of the UN Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuellar, the Soviet Union, the United States, Afghanistan and Pakistan met in in Kabul and their four foreign ministers signed in Geneva a political settlement for Afghanistan. The Soviet troops had to withdraw from Afghanistan within nine months, putting an end of a nine-year occupation (Dibb). Wars and conflicts are a never ending nightmare which is still haunting us today. The look on Sharbat Gula’s face fully expressed that. The Reagan Assassination Attempt, 1981 (See figure 2) Same time at the early 80s, the most serious incident which happened to President Ronald Wilson Reagan was when he got shot just outside the Washington Hilton Hotel by a young man named John Hinckley Jr. In the photo of the scene right after the shooting, reporters were making roars within the crowed, few officers holding a gun down on the sidewalk, and the president was thrown into the limo car. It was chaotic. The gunman was held immediately after the shooting. This event shocked the entire society for Reagan had only been elected to be a president for ten weeks. President Reagan was heading to the white house unaware that he had been shot. Shortly after he left the scene, he did not realize one of the ricochets punctured his lung until he started coughing up blood. He then was rushed to George Washington University Hospital. The New York Times reported President Reagan remained in good humor even he was fainted due to the blood loss. He told his doctors, â€Å"Please tell me youà ¢â‚¬â„¢re Republicans† (Raines). Fortunately, President Reagan survived after the operation, and recovered after weeks. The motive to assassinate the President surprisingly had nothing to do with political reasons, but with John Hinckley’s obsession with actress Jodie Foster. This obsession was based on the movie Taxi Driver.† He firmly believed that if he became famous by mimicking the plot from Taxi Driver, would be able to get Jodie Foster’s attention. What happened to gunman John Hinckley afterward was 13 charged against him. However, due to his mental problem, the court sent him to St. Elizabeths Hospital for life instead of prison. The unsuccessful attempted assassination brought dramatic changes to Reagans presidency. His survival boosted a wave of public sympathy and he gained popularity. He was also the first president who survived the assassination (Brands). Although politics was not the reason why John Hinckley opened fire, it is still one of the many major political events in the 1980s. Chernobyl Accident 1986 (See Figure 3) Besides wars and political unrest, there was a major unclear accident happened at Chernobyl, Ukraine. The photo that taken by authorities right after the accident shows the explosion had destroyed the entire building to a hollow hole on the ground. What happened was that event management and technical staff decided to test the turbine in case of a sudden loss of power, the strain of the reactor. This overnight test was neither carefully planned nor authorized by superiors. On the afternoon of April 25, 1986, the unit fourth in accordance with the plan was shut down, when the operation began an experiment related to the security system. The case of this experiment is to understand the plant loses all power, but the rotating turbine has enough energy capable of supplying electric power for 45 seconds, which is the time required to start the emergency diesel generator supply. The reactor power is reduced to half of the rated output, and the emergency reactor core cooling system is turne d off. After 11:10, the staffs did not re-open the emergency cooling system, which was the first major mistake, according to a series of serious negligence operations are: the output power was reduced to one percent of rated output, much lower than the power required for the experiment; the majority of the control rods withdrawn; and the other important safety system was turned off. These operational mistakes made the unit fourth become unstable. Output had been rising rapidly, technical workers lost control of the reactor, output power rose to up to 100 times the rated output, and thus part of the fuel rods ruptures, and the heat burst a lot of things to make the cooling water evaporation, resulting in a steam explosion destroying a weight of about 1,000 tonnes of reactor cover. From May 1 to 6, due to the reactor explosion, more than 26 percent of the radiation dose was released into the outside world, 31 firefighters and two people from the plant lost their lives, most of them have been severely burned from radiation, while 209 suffered severe radiation injuries (U.S.NRC). Strictly speaking, the Chernobyl accident cannot be called a human error. It was more like a willful violation. It seemed following the scheduled timetable was seen as more important than safety. Staff were prohibited from running the operation under low power, and stopped safety device testing. It was like in travel a little faster by car, removing the brakes in the car regardless of rules or safety, and just desperately rushing forward to the destination, leading to a monstrous disaster. 25 years later today, the area outside of Chernobyl nuclear plant still reminds uninhabitable. People’s belongings still stay in the same spots, but not a trace of life in sight. The fall of the Berlin Wall, 1989 (See figure 4) Finally, the voice of freedom is rising at the end of 1980s. After nearly three decades of separation, the Berlin Wall finally fell down on the evening of November 9, 1989. A photo taken by Associated Press captured the moment when demonstrators tore down a piece of the Berlin wall. Berlin Wall and the wall that speared North and South Korea right now is the same product after World War II. After World War II, Germany and Berlin by the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain and France divided Germany into four zones. In 1949, the Soviet Union occupied East Germany, the capital set in East Berlin. West Germany and the US and British law were established in the occupied territories. Initially people in Berlin were able to move around freely between the districts, but with the Cold War, tensions started building up. In order to prevent East Germans from fleeing to West Germany. The border began to close up. From 1949 to 1961, about 2.5 million East Germans who risked being shot by Eas t Germany fled to West Berlin. Berlin Wall started just barbed wires in August 13, 1961. It was later replaced by a large number of real fences more than 155 kilometers long, about 3 to 4 meters high (Behind The Wall). After the construction was completed, a total of more than 5000 people successfully fled to West Berlin, 3000 people were arrested, and over 400 people were killed and injured (Leslie). 25 years ago, the new East German government began to plan to relax travel restrictions for East German people, but due to a misunderstanding of the then East German Politburo on superior orders, mistakenly announced Berlin Wall is about to open, resulting in tens of thousands of people took to the streets, the demolition of the wall, the whole of Germany into a state of extreme excitement. One of the Time reporter Ken Olsen recalled the day when he was in Germany says â€Å"They were screaming, Tor auf! Tor auf! Open the gate!† (Rothman) Although it was not the structure of walls collapsed, it had been removed by people. People climbed the Berlin Wall, removed graffiti, and took pieces of building materials as souvenirs. 11 months later, the two Germanies finally reunited. Tank Man, 1989 (See figure 5) Just several months before the Fall of Berlin Wall, in Tiananmen Square Beijing, China, a Tank man stood in front of type 59 tanks and attempted to block their way. He was pulled away by another man lright after. This thrilling scene happened to be caught by Jeff Widener (The Associated Press) in June 5, 1989 who was inside the Plaza Hotel next to the Tiananmen Square. He hid the negatives in the toilet water tank to avoid police forces’ search or the truth will not have spread around the world (Iyer). What triggered this event can be traced back to the Deng Xiaoping era. He was in power after 1979 and the implement reform and opened up policy on topic such as to industrialized, agriculture, national defense, science and technology, four modernizations. After a decade of reform, social and economic problems, such as a widening wealth gap and serious inflation; workers were dissatisfied because their salaries did not keep up with the pace of inflation, causing large flow of the rural population to the cities to make a living, leading to more homeless beggars and other social issues; official corruption, and other deep complaints. By the end of 1986, students at the University of Science and Technology of China in Hefei held anti-corruption protests. Then, Shanghai, Beijing and other cities have also lead to student protests, they asked the government to carry out democratic reforms. CPC (Communist Party of China) General Secretary Hu Yaobang was tough because of the absence of clearance, and he had been criticized and resigned from office in the following year the General Secretary (Lui). The spring of 1989, the international communist forces collapsed. Democratic movements began in Eastern Europe. Inspired by the movement, in late April 1989, students and Beijing residents’ protests gathered in Tiananmen Square. Since then, the whole country has undergone a similar student protest movement. On June 3 in the evening, the CPC decided to send troops to suppress, to disperse the crowd in and around Tiananmen Square, the army opened fire to the masses, and even tanks shot protesters. By 4 in the morning, the army controlled Square, people were forced to evacuate. The next day, after the first night of the crackdown, Tiananmen Square was cleared. All of the students who were in the movement for several months disappeared without a trace. Everything had been wiped out. The tanks in Tiananmen traveled quickly around, declaring military force. The photo of the â€Å"Tank Man† became a symbol of Tiananmen. It showed the courage of ordinary people fighting on beha lf of freedom. Unsung heroes raised up public concern of their human rights. Before then, people constantly live under fear of the iron fist. To summarize, thanks to the efforts of photographers, the future generation can see the 1980s was not only overwhelmed by national conflicts, politics, and unfortunate accidents, but was also a decade of new beginning. See how photos show the stories of the time. It is not about the photo itself such as how it was constructed, or what kind of the camera photographers used, but it is about the messages that those photos are trying to deliver. Sharbat Gula the Afghan girl’s frightened eyes revealed how it was when international communism was still powerful. Beloved President Reagan survived an attempted assassination, and became a god like figure in the 80s. Later, the Chernobyl Accident happened, and if there were not any photos documented, we would never know how intense it was when an unclear powerful plant melted function. At the end of the 80s, Berlin Wall fell down, and people in China stood up for freedom and human rights. Those two photos quickly became a symbol of free spirits. Visual images are so powerful that they could not only grab people’s attention, but also shout out message that words failed to present. I appreciate those brave photographers who were there at the first scene so we can look into what was going on in the past. Are we learn our lessons from history. 1980s might seem like a problematic period, but people survived to make it a better tomorrow.       Figure 1. McCurry, Steve. Afghan Girl. Digital image. Wikipedia. Wikipedia.com,  Dec. 1984. Web. 28 Nov. 2014. Figure 2. Reagan Assassination Attempt. Digital image. Wikipedia.  Wikipedia.com, 30 Mar. 1981. Web. 28 Nov. 2014. Figure 3. Soviet Authorities. Taken by  the Authorities in the immediate aftermath  of Chernobyl Disaster. Digital image. Wikipedia.  Wikipedia.com, Apr. 1986. Web. 28 Nov. 2014. Figure 4. AP. Fall of the Berlin Wall. Digital image.  The Telegraph. The Telegraph, Nov. 1989. Web. 28 Nov. 2014. Figure 5. Widener, Jeff. The Tank Man was trying to block the way of tanks  with his own body alone during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Digital image. Wikipedia. Wikipedia.com, June 1989. Web. 30 Nov. 2014. Work Cited Behind The Wall. New Yorker 90.34 (2014): 31-1. Academic Search Complete. Web. 30 Nov.  2014. Braun, David. How They Found National Geographic’s â€Å"Afghan Girl. National Geographic.  07 Mar 2003. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. Brands, H. W. Reagan Reborn.American History48.3 (2013): 46-51.Academic Search  Complete. Web. 2 Dec. 2014. Chernobyl Accident 1986. Chernobyl. World Nuclear Association, 24 Nov. 2014. Web. 28  Nov. 2014. Denker, Debra. A Life Revealed: Along Afghanistans War-torn Frontier. National  Geographic. 167 (Jun 1985). 2002. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. Dibb, Paul. The Soviet Experience In Afghanistan: Lessons To Be Learned?. Australian  Journal Of International Affairs 64.5 (2010): 495-509. Academic Search Complete. Web. 1 Dec. 2014. Iyer, Pico. The Unknown Rebel. (Cover Story). Time 151.14 (1998): 192. Academic Search  Complete. Web. 4 Dec. 2014. Leslie, John. The Fall Of The Berlin Wall Twenty Years Later. New Zealand International  Review 34.5 (2009): 21-24. Academic Search Complete. Web. 4 Dec. 2014. Lui, Andrew. Looking Back At Tiananmen Square. Peace Review 12.1 (2000): 139-145.  Academic Search Complete. Web. 30 Nov. 2014. Raines, Howell. Reagan Wounded In Chest By Gunman; Outlook Good After 2-Hour Surgery;  Aide And 2 Guards Shot; Suspect Held. The New York Time Mar. 1981, Late City ed.: 1. Print. Rothman, Lily. Witness To History: Reporters Recall The Berlin Wall’S Fall. Time.Com  (2014): N.PAG. Academic Search Complete. Web. 30 Nov. 2014. United States. Office of the Historian. The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan and the U.S.Response, 1978–1980. The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan and the U.S. Response, 1978–1980. Office of the Historian, 31 Oct. 2013. Web. 28 Nov. 2014. United States. U.S.NRC. Backgrounder on Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident.  U.S.NRC. United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 25 Apr. 2014. Web. 28 Nov. 2014.

The Marxist Hamlet Essay -- Essays on Shakespeare Hamlet

The Marxist Hamlet In his article "'Funeral Bak'd Meats:'   Carnival and the Carnivalesque in Hamlet," Michael D. Bristol mingles Marxism and Bakhtin's notion of double discoursed textuality into an unique reading of Shakespeare's drama as a struggle between opposing economic classes.   Bristol opens with a two paragraph preface on Marxism, highlighting Marx's own abnegation of Marxism:   "Marx is famous for the paradoxical claim that he was not a Marxist" (Bristol 348).   While he acknowledges some of the flaws inherent in Marxist criticism, Bristol uses the introductory paragraphs to assert the "enormous importance" of "the theory of class consciousness and class struggle" which Marxist theory includes (349).   Having prepared readers for a discourse whose foundation lies upon "the most fundamental idea in Marxism," Bristol recasts Hamlet as a class struggle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A strange, mutli-faceted mingling pervades Bristol's argument, and, according to his thesis the drama of Hamlet as well.   According to Bristol, two contrasting texts, two opposing social worlds, flow past one another in the drama, forming a strange suspension "of grief and of festive laughter" (350).   This odd juxtaposition of opposites becomes the basis for Bristol's introduction of the carnivalesque.   The echoes of Carnival within Hamlet, according to Bristol, ceaselessly evolve throughout the play until they reach their most perfect representation in the grave-diggers' scene of the fifth act.   Bristol assigns Carnival a function that immensely strengthens his thesis:   "Carnival opens up alternative possibilities for action and helps to facilitate creativity in the social sphere" (351).   Bristol's discussion of Carnival expands in order to include the theories ... ...istol concludes his article by explaining the ultimate end of the Carnivalesque, "the dissolution, and finally the extinction of identity, the annihilation of the individual in the historical continuum" (365).   The bodies of the festival-makers, the court of Hamlet, lie on the stage like "slaughtered 'meat'" (364).   Bristol concludes that the second culture, or the second language, of Carnival within the drama of Hamlet, supplies an alternate reading for the drama by "uncrowning the shifting rationales used to explicate political intrigue," by transforming the play into a struggle between social classes as expressed by the carnivalesque (365).   The doubleness of Hamlet, the mingling of tragedy and the comic, sheds new light on the drama as an ambivalent and grotesque Carnival which diametrically contrasts the power and propriety typically associated with the play.

College Writing in the 21st century :: Education Writers Essays

College Writing in the 21st century How should it be thought and taught? With the diverse world we live in, I can only see one thing we all possess. The one thing that everyone has in one form or another is his or her individuality. A lot of people have different cultures that make them more of an individualistic group in a modern society. America would scare me out my mind if I came from a society not like Americas, from Japan or areas of the Middle East. I would have to go into a whole different frame of mind to try to survive in this society and be successful. For children or young adults this would be a tough time for them to adapt themselves to our school system. When it comes to college writing, I think teachers in the most part understand they have a cross-cultural influenced student body. With the Students point of view, it's hard to accept people who seem different or blocked from normal social events or interactions. When I was in High school, we had 14 different nationalities within it. It was interesting to have a class with such a wide range of people, beliefs, and learning styles. I would feel bad for the teachers and other students mostly because the new kids that didn't speak nglish very well struggled to communicate with everyone. This caused problems with the teachers trying to teach them and keep them equal in the classroom. This caused some teachers to give up a little bit and not treat them like normal students. When I read Amy Tans essay " Mother Tongue", I noticed that she said that she spoke very good nglish but her mother did not. This caused many problems for her mother like the kids in my school, because people wouldn't take her seriously. This caused a lot of embarrassing moments for Mrs. Tan. She pointed out that when she was a child that her teachers would try to point her in the math and science direction because she showed that she was stronger in those areas which most Japa nese or Chinese are stronger in. Amy expressed that she didn't want to go into math or science she wanted to write. Her teachers tried to sway her decision but she stood strong. People should be able to come into a class and feel not only welcome but also secure with the people around them.

Neuropsychological and Employment Implications: A Case Study of :: Medical Medicine Essays

Neuropsychological and Employment Implications: A Case Study of Whiting’s Patient Introduction: In 2005, the case study patient was involved in an automobile accident, where he sustained a head injury (Whiting, 2005). During a routine CT scan to check for possible brain damage, his physicians discovered an abnormal growth within his third (3rd) ventricle, in the approximate region of the frontal lobe. The physicians later determined that the growth was a colloid cyst, which is a collection of gelatinous material. On the advice of his physicians, the patient underwent neurosurgery to have the cyst removed, and recovered without any serious side effects. The diagnostics, treatment, and follow-up care associated with brain surgery are not performed in a vacuum; rather, the appropriate level of pre-operative and post-operative care relies on the deliberate cooperation of various parties. These parties include the neurologist, the neurosurgeon, the psychological and psychiatric professionals, the patient’s spouse, his or her employer, and the patient her or himself. The intent of this paper is to examine the roles of the neuropsychologist and the patient’s employers in the successful treatment, using the case study of the patient as a vehicle to conduct this analysis. This paper will begin with a brief overview of the frontal cortex and the 3rd ventricle, followed by the viewpoints of the neuropsychologist and the patient’s employer. The Frontal Cortex: A Brief Overview The brain’s outermost covering, the cerebral cortex, is partitioned into four lobes: the occipital lobe, the parietal lobe, the temporal lobe, and the frontal lobe. Although these lobes, as well as the rest of the brain, mutually innervate each other, each particular lobe is associated with different aspects of behavior and information processing (Drubach, 2000). The occipital cortex contains much of the neurons used in the processing of visual images, the temporal lobe processes many components used in the understanding of language, and the parietal lobe contains the primary somatosensory cortex, the cortical structure involved in the processing of touch sensations and muscle and joint data. (Kalat, 2001) Of interest to us is the frontal lobe. It extends from the central sulcus (a deep cortical groove extending along the coronal plane to both hemispheres of the brain) to the anterior limits of the brain. The two main divisions of the frontal lobe are the primary motor cortex and the pre-frontal cortex. The latter structure, the primary motor cortex, is responsible for the coordination of fine motor movements throughout different

To Kill a Mockingbird: Innocence

A songbird's melody can evoke happiness in anyone, as can the smiling face of a child. The mockingbird sings for the sake of singing, and an innocent child possesses an inborn joyfulness, as natural as instinct. Yet a mockingbird's song dies as easily as the innocence of a child. In Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, Scout and Jem are portrayed as innocents, uncorrupted by our world of prejudice and racism. Their world is simple, sensible, a child's world.However, three years in the life of 8-year-old Scout Finch, her brother, Jem, and their father, Atticus, are consumed by the arrest and eventual trial of a young black man accused of raping a white woman. By the end of the novel, their world has expanded to enclose the irrational nature of humans. Jem and Scout's growing up is portrayed by a series of events that shatters their innocence as easily as a mockingbird can be silenced.Lee uses a combination of insignificant and profound events: the trial of Tom Robinson, Walter C unningham, and their relationship with Boo Radley to develop and display the children’s growth in maturity. One of the first cracks in Scout’s armour of naivete occurs due to the fact that she speaks her mind. On Scout’s first day of school Scout tries to explain to her teacher that she is embarrassing Walter Cunningham by offering him something that he will not be able to pay back. Scout realizes that because her teacher is not a local, she will not know that about the Cunningham’s, but Scout's explanation gets her into trouble.When Scout explains â€Å"Walter’s one of the Cunningham’s,† (26), she was not trying to be insulting, but Miss Caroline mistakes her frank and innocent explanation as arrogance or rudeness and punishes her for it. Scout's perception of the world and her classmates is not yet marred by the social divisions that adults see. When Scout has Walter over for a meal Scout really does insult Walter this time as she q uestions the way he eats by saying â€Å"But he’s gone and drowned his dinner in syrup† (32) and makes him feel self-conscious.She is not doing it intentionally, she is just curious because she has never seen people who eat that way. She is too young to understand the social graces of Southern hospitality that dictate that you are always to make people feel at home and welcome no matter how unusual their habits may be. Scout and Jem are surrounded by racism and prejudice as children, but until they mature , they do not see it for what it is, until something enormously, obviously wrong occurs close to home. At first Scout does not understand what is wrong and keeps asking Jem questions about what is happening.While Atticus is asking questions directed to Mayella, â€Å"Slowly but surely [she] could see the pattern of Atticus’ questions† (244). Although this shows that Scout’s understanding about her father has improved, she is still oblivious to the deeper meaning of the trial. While Jem is explaining to Dill, Scout â€Å"supposes† it is â€Å"the finer points of the trial† (252). With Jem being able to do this, this proves that Jem has matured greatly since the beginning. But what surprised Scout and blew Jem away was the obvious unfairness of the verdict.When Jem states â€Å"You just can’t convict a man on evidence like that,† proves that Jem realizes the injustice that Tom Robinson faced (295). Atticus has shielded Scout and her brother from any outward prejudice against blacks. However, even he could not keep out the thought that coloured were not quite the same. Racism has been so deeply ingrained that Scout didn't realize its intensity and results until that tragedy opened her eyes. As a result, racism and its effects entered the ever-expanding world of the Finch children.Because of the perspective of childhood innocence, Boo Radley is given no identity apart from the youthful superstitions t hat surround him, and it is these superstitions that leave Jem and Scout oblivious to the fact that Boo just wants to protect them. Scout at first describes Boo as a â€Å"malevolent phantom,† (10) while Jem illustrates him as a â€Å"six-and-a-half feet tall† man that â€Å"dined on raw squirrels and any cats he could catch† (16). With these expressions they demonstrated how innocent the children are.After the children have found gifts inside a knot hole in a tree, their father finds out about their â€Å"game†. When Atticus witnesses his children leaving a note in the hole, he believes his children are causing harm so he tells them to â€Å"stop tormenting the man† (65). When Atticus says, â€Å"You just told me,† Jem did not realize that without actually saying that they were playing the Boo Radley game he still admitted to his father that that is what they were doing. Originally portrayed as a freak and a lunatic, Boo Radley continues to gain the sympathy of the children.When Nathan Radley closes the hole, Scout sees it as no more gifts, but Jem takes it more to heart. Nathan Radley claims that the â€Å"tree’s dying† (83) so Jem asks his father where he says that the tree is fine. When Jem realizes that Nathan had just cut off their connection, he was â€Å"crying,† (84). It is when Scout and Jem need saving that Scout understands that Boo was just merely looking out for them. While saying â€Å"Hey Boo† in person, this shows how mature Scout has gotten during the three years (362).Scout losses her innocence when she realizes that Boo Radley has given so much to them- gifts in the tree, a warm blanket on a cold night, folded up pants on a fence and their LIVES, but they have never repaid him. As if they were the harmless songbirds, the children's innocence is shattered by these events. Through their interactions with Walter, Tom’s trial and Boo Radley social prejudice, racism, mo bs, and â€Å"social exceptions† are now a part of their world. The naivete and purity have been replaced by the knowledge of human nature and the corruption of our world. The world is no longer simple, and the mockingbird is dead.

Domestic Animal Abuse Essay

Domestic savage ab intake is a difficult topic to separate from the agendas of those who would interrupt it. The reports be origin altogethery horrible affluent on their own a preserve and wife be arrested for shipping 182 fleshlysby and large colliesin a tr passageor-trailer truck, a suffer is found filled with filthy, dying cats, dogs, and birds hundreds of dogs croak annu savey from beingness left unheeded in the cars during the summer heat. Of course, physicals do non need to die en masse for pace to take place.Every day, family pampers be forced to suffer malignment that would be otherwise aimed at world family members, they ar tied outside without food and water, or they atomic minute 18 simply ignored to death. Combating creature nuisance can be difficult, however. In supplement to the agendas shaping every efforts against it, no item-by-item legal interpretation knows for what puddles interior(prenominal) surviving organism evil. Because of this lack of a whizz definition, thither can be no single form of prosecution. Yet, the significance of wildcat(prenominal) cry goes far beyond that of the writ large severeness to physicals.It can be employ as a prognosticator for wad who develop sociopathy and has been connected with the position of national convolute in the home. This paper leave be apply to discuss nearly of the difficulties that ar associated with delimit and legislating home(prenominal) wight jest at. It forget in addition fissure well-nigh discussion of the effects of this per suming line. Defining Domestic Animal shout out Despite wholly of the annual buy the farmrences of domestic help wildcat abuse, on that point is no single definition for what constitutes such(prenominal) abuse.Animal rights immoderate organizations, such as the People for the respectable Treatment of Animals (PeTA), the Humane Society for the get together States (HSUS), and the Doris Day Animal Le ague (DDAL) all believe that any use of wolf(prenominal)s constitute wight abuse. Ultimately, according to these organizations, any use of domestic living organisms constitutes abuse even only when mentioning a pet in angiotensin converting enzymes home is an inglorious personation. Using this reason any carnal husbandry, from raising sensationalistics for eggs, to keeping cows for milk, or any start upicipation in the meat or fur industry constitutes abuse. medical examination science represents the worst of these abuses, since it takes away the rights of an puppet by sacrificing its wellness or deportment in favor of preserving gay health or lives (Goodwin and Morrison). Legal definitions of domestic animal abuse, or animal severity, are a good deal broader than this very narrow stance. Many distinguish laws define animals as being vertebrate animals that are not human being beings, although virtually states as well embarrass birds such as parrots or sparrow s, as well. other(a) states do not refer to what defines an animal at all. In addition, some states do not permit fish or mollusk to be included in the discussion.If the laws pushing the definition of animal, pet or companion animal are so variable, then it should fall out as no surprise that laws defining abuse itself are varied, as well. However, it is crude to break cruelty to animals down into two broad categories nonoperational (acts of omission) and combat-ready (acts of commission). Although there are no clearly outlined categories for these acts or inactions, there are certain patterns of mien that eliminate under the general umbrella of animal cruelty or abuse (Animal rigor, n. d. , par. 1).Passive acts of cruelty are some measure called animal throw away. These variants of cruelty usually involve withholding something from the animal, such as food or water. In addition, passive acts skill include sorrow to act if a pet becomes infested with any kind of par asite or if a collar becomes embedded into a pets skin due to the harvest-feast of the pet (Pet- evil. com pars. 4-5). In general, neglect is enured as a minor abuse if only one animal, or a small number of animals, is involved. The severity of the execration increases, however, with and increasingly large number of animals involved. leave off cases may alike be dissever mingled with un learned neglect, caused by ignorance, and intentional or departful neglect, caused by knowingly mistreating an animal (Lockwood, 2006, p. 19). Active acts of cruelty include fury against animals, a great deal referred to as torture, catty intent, or non-accidental injury (Animal Cruelty, n. d. , par. 6). much(prenominal) abuse is of greater concern than is passive animal abuse. Some forms of violent active animal abuse is associated with other crimes, such as domestic abuse or child abuse. These abuses can also be used as a predictor of other crimes.Both of these observations will be e xpanded upon in a posterior(prenominal) section of this paper. Animal lay away, organized debauched abuse, ritualistic abuse, and the use of animals for sexual satisfaction are all forms of active animal abuse (Lockwood, 2006, pp. 20-23). All of these forms of animal abuse are estimable issues, causing twain concern and expense for the community as a whole. Even animal hording, which is sometimes caricatured in moviesperhaps with an elderly female character with a house expert of skinny, yowling catsshould be a matter of concern for society.Due to the hidden concerns of this form of abuse somewhat more discussion will be given to this form of abuse than the other three mentioned. Animal hoard is a familiar to many of us however, it is not always recognized for the job that it is. It seems to be increasingly common to gather up somewhat a raid on a home that contains dozens, if not hundreds, of malnourished and half-wild animals, even if it is only reported as a human interest yarn or in the late-night television comedians monologue. However, according to Patronek, Loar, and Nathanson (2006) animal lay asideis an important, misunderstood, and under-recognized community problem that affects both human and animal welfare. It is responsible for substantial animal suffering and dimension damage. Often associated with boastful self-neglect, animal hive up can also place children, elders, and dependent adults at serious risk and can be an sparing burden to taxpayers. (p. 1) Although not always recognized as a problem, animal save up is relatively easy to identify. It is characterized by quartette factors 1) the lack of the minimum physical grapple needed by the animals,2) the maltreaters inability to recognize the abuse, 3) the obsession to delay coding animals even when the number of animals housed croak the ability to provide ideal living conditions, and 4) the abusers denial that the declining conditions exist (Patronek, Loar, & Nathanson , 2006, p. 1). Despite these common factors, however, animal hoarding is not a simple problem to contain. Several polar kinds of animal hoarding exist, from the fairly benign overwhelmed caregiver to the psyche who acquires animals only to exploit them.Because of the variability of situations in which a soul might arrest hoarding animals, these classifications are fluid and characteristics might overlap. Sporting abuse is, fortunately, not as widespread as it was even c years ago. However, although most mint value automatically of dog engagement and chicken fighting when animal line of work sports are mentioned, others also exist. Despite their cultural acceptance, blood sports such as bullfighting in Spain and pit sports, such as fighting dogs and wild hogs in the Southeastern coupled States, might still be considered animal abuse.Ritualistic abuse is considered above and beyond the ability to sacrifice animals in the send of a religion. piece religious animal sacrifice is not included in most animal abuse statutes, it is often carefully defined and controlled by the law. different forms of ritual animal killing is considered abuse and may be an indication that person committing the act has other serious kind issues at work. This kind of abuse is incites communities to an ruttish furor, due to the association that it has with allegedly deuced rituals and other hot stillton issues.For this reason, this kind of abuse is particularly disruptive to the community. Finally, some people find sexual rejoicing in congress with animal partners, know as bestiality. In truth, there is no partnership betwixt the human abuser and the animal being abused in such a means. Animals cannot voluntarily descend to take a human being as a mate or not. Therefore, they must be forced to act against their instinctive drives in order to accede with their human partners desires.This act of force is a violation of animal abuse laws in many nations (Lockwood, 200 6). However, it should be noted that stimulation of an animal to collect sperm for frozen or wintry storage for the purposes of artificial insemination is not considered bestiality. Other Laws Concerning Animal demoralize Not all nations agree on what constitutes animal abuse. composition tail docking and ear cropping is currently legal in the unify States, it is considered a form of animal mutilation in the United Kingdom.The Animal Welfare Act, signed by Elizabeth II in 2006, extends animal abuse laws to include invertebrates and gives municipalities to include animals in their foetal or embryonic form, should they choose to do so (p. 1). However, they may only do so as long as the appropriate national authority is satisfied, on the basis of scientific evidence, that animals of the kind come to are capable of experiencing pain or suffering (Animal Welfare Act, 2006, p. 1).This act also clearly defines the foothold protected animals and supererogatory suffering for the pur poses of the law, as well as the manner by which individuals can be held responsible for that suffering (Animal Welfare Act, 2006, p. 2). It is evoke to note that only domestic animals are defined as protected animals no matter what the behavior fulfild upon them, wild animals, by definition, cannot be abused. Germany, like the rest of the European Union, attaches a moral stance to the protective broaden of animals through their laws.This stance is in compare to that of the United States, which protect animals in legal injury of property laws. Although the European perspective may appear to be superior to some, both positions have some advantages. Moral stances are not always target area ones however, objective stances sometimes reduce decisions to a quantitative decision-making process, which does not always allow for human needs and opinions to enter into the equation.In addition to laws concerning the abuse and husbandry of all domestic animals, the German law also define s limits for those individuals who craving to breed domestic animals. However, with all of these limitations, The German law does not specifically cover the hoarding of animals. The Significance of Animal Abuse Animal abuse is not only square because it brings harm to sentient beings that human should have an obligation to protect, it is also significant because of its relationship to other problems that plague society.These issues are not limited to any one race, ethnic group, religion, age, or income level. According to Lockwood (2006) new-fangleds perpetrate round one third of all animal abuse crimes (p. 33). In such cases, animal abuse might be indicative of abuse being perpetrated indoors the home, either against the juvenile or another(prenominal) family member, or it may betoken mental disease on the part of the juvenile him or herself (Lockwood, 2006).Lockwood identifies 15 study factors in determining the danger that the animal abuser presents to society. This list includes the vulnerability and the number of the animal victims, the severity and the repetition or number of forms of abuse on the victim(s), any threats that the animal abuse might have been meant to reinforce, and the manner of recording, if any, of the abuse (p. 35). Research reported in the Juvenile referee Bulletin (JJB) (2001) indicates a link between conduct unhealthiness in children and animal abuse.Conduct throw out of kilter as defined by the diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSMIV) is a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violate (par. 1). In addition, the child must correct to at least three of 15 other indicators for the disorder. One of these 15 indicators is animal abuse, which may flow in military posture from mild teasing to torture and killing beginning at the age of approximately 6. 5 years of age (Juvenile Justice Bulletin, 2001, par. 2 ).Children with Operational Defiant Disorder (ODD) or Conduct Disorder (CD) often go on to become serious offenders as adults. Children with CD often go on to be renderd as sociopaths later in life, as well. According to the JJB, the differences between children who abuse animals and non-abusive children are significantly different when tracked for adult arrests for violent crimes, property crimes, drug offenses, and public order offenses. The JBB concludes that these results make out it clear that animal abusers are not only dangerous to their animal victims but also may jeopardize human welfare (par.7). This research is backed up by Understanding the Links, a piece of land put out by the British National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, which states that If a child is cruel to animals this may be an indicator that serious neglect and abuse have been inflicted on the child. While recent research in the UK suggests that animal abuse by children is quite widespre ad, in a minority of more utmost(prenominal) cases it appears to be associated with abuse of the child, or accompanying abusive behavior by the child.(Understanding the Links, n. d. p. 5). In addition to the issue of conduct disorder, there is a definitive link between animal abuse and other forms of domestic abuse. Animal abuse is at times part of the constellation of family violence, although by no means is it definite that an adult who harms animals will also harm their domestic partners or their children (p. 5). Although this observation is indeed genuine, it is also true that animal abuse is sometimes used as a form of irresistible impulse in abusive relationships. Regardless, it appears thato just animal abuse in a household may indicate the occurrence of other domestic violence o Animal abuse might be done for coercion and intimidation of family members to keep them from leaving or speaking about an abusive domestic situation. o Sexualized or aggressive behavior toward a nimals on the part of a child may indicate the possibility of later animal abuse when that child matures (Understanding the Links, n. d. , p. 5). Conclusion Animal abuse is a difficult crime to describe and to define. Many different forms of abuse occur under the single umbrella term.Abuse can be passive or active. Passive abuse takes place when people withhold care from animals and can range from simple ignorant (and therefore correctible) acts to vixenish neglect. Active abuse, however, does not typically occur out of ignorance. Due to its effects on the human psyche, particularly in terms of young children, animal abuse is not a stand-alone issue. When domestic violence is found in a home, animal abuse is often found as well. When animal abuse occurs, it may also indicate other, serious problems in

Summary “The Environmental Issue from Hell”

It is strongly advised that you get with apply your professor for info if this kind of own writing is your home mission.McKibben presents a solution on how to handle each of these environmental issues, utilizing both the people and the government. McKibbens point of how consumerism affects the global ecosystem is certainly relatable. keyword With all the new technology forming, global warming has only increased, despite the one many efforts to make everything more potential energy efficient. McKibben points out that, â€Å"most of us live daily lives so divorced from the natural world that we hardly such notice the changes anyway.Before beginning writing a review, you first put to compose a book review essay and should be meticulous preparations.â€Å"(747). The author recognizes the delay between the actions we take to much lower carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the actual experimental results of it lowering. Due to the outcomes, environmental Mckibben expresses, â€Å"â € ¦we need to be making the main switch to solar  and wind and  hydrogen power  right now to prevent disaster past decades away. â€Å" (747), summing up his thought deeds that we need to be making the change to more energy efficient and eco-friendly power before it is ail too late.

Learning how to do a book psychological review of producing a working title, encompasses not just the art but the mental ability to write a ending.From Bangladesh living three months in thigh high-deep water, to polar bears becoming â€Å"20% scrawnier than they were a decade ago† (748).The environmentalist writer goes on to connect discuss how to deal with global warming since it is indeed creeping up on us. Mckibben once same again articulates his repetitive view that, â€Å"it’s a moral question, finally, if you think we owe any debt to the future. † (748).Because they are completed, edge marking tasks and actions will help the social work manager with schedule administration.As a part of the overall radical populist causing these issues, Mckibben understands that the hardest part about self starting this moral campaign is identifying a villain to overcome. Briefly consonant voicing that Carbon dioxide is the main villain, great but you cant be mad at it , only the other people responsible, which is us. We often become guilty of only looking through our own perspective lenses.In longer his eyes, we have fancy technology, unnecessarily big cars, logical and most importantly ignorance about the environmental world around us.

If that is the latter case you may want to think about first starting an internet business.† The Mcgraw-Hill Reader. Ed. Gilbert Muller. 11th ed.Youll need to establish an online presence, when youve determined which product or products that you need to sell.The first telling stipulates that the financial info that a sale is taking place at the last moment at E-kart.

Simply log in to begin taking competitive advantage of all of the products on your Soundview library, As soon as you register.So, yes, its predictable and a such simple story.Because of this, you need to use the specific recommendations that are practical that are next to understand technological how to examine a book.Read, learn and apply what youve learned in life.

Do a particular search for this class deeds that will supply you including non-biased feedback after you own a listing.Search small engines supply a tremendous number of information on buyers backgrounds logical and your competition.Failure to do so will lower end on your articles being rejected.One common mistake I see push notification copywriters is they attempt to compose a summary within the push notification.

Entrepreneurship: Strategy and Hardware Store

114) buy out that you ar a adviser to a undersize nonparasitic ironw ar retention in a t takes battalion where a retail lusus naturae such(prenominal) as Wal-food securities industry, Kmart, or tush is some to open. The Brobdingnagian retail merchant moves some of the selfsame(prenominal) items the undersized computer hardw ar memory board sells, merely at set out prices. What advice would you ho intake the proprietor concerning the hardw be stores dodging?Explain.In instal to commemorate existence hot in a large and stronger rivalry , the owner of any flyspeck parentage must(prenominal) give and civilise a genuine war a standardized advantages and psyche of position and preeminence , that impart detainment him absent from any behemoth enemy like Wal-Mart.A booming strategicalalal excogitate must be developed , convinceing the factors qualification this dividing line considered as a refined subscriber line to be the summit of strong suit and success . humbled demarcation has fewerer result lines , puff up delineate database and nonify serves in such a accompanimentised geographical firmament , unless it has several(prenominal) branches , and at that fourth dimension , he net win priceless instruction and dead on tar cut c whole for of the clients through with(predicate) constraining congeneric and fill up contacts with customer , this is what is not acquirable that indulgent in a circumstances retailer like Wal Mart .117) borrow you own a piddling stigma shop. Who are your competitors and wherefore is it eventful for you to reminder your competitors activities? portray at least(prenominal) quint techniques you magnate engage to observe competitors strategies and serves ethically and inexpensively.Specific techniques that I major power use take on asking customers and suppliers public lecture to employees attending sort of a little shows acquire com petitors products (benchmarking) Obtaining credence reports see competing businessesMini-Case 3-1 determination a belligerent AdvantageCopreneurs Ed and Yolanda late unresolved a vintage employ motor gondola motorcar potentiometer called chromatic road. They sell boss and collectable cars on encumbrance for the owners at a bung of 30 part of the merchandising price. The price is shape up cut down by 10 part if a particular car is not interchange at heart the graduation exercise 30 days. mavin of the counterbalance customers persuade Yolanda that this was the still clean-cut occasion to do, and in an enterprise to countenance something for the constitute informed buyer, she provided what she belief was glorious customer wait on and implemented the idea.Ed and Yolanda rec over crimson route has an example location. It is laid nigh to the citys baseball stadium, on board the thruway in the core group of all the some other car dealerships. A lthough reddened Lane has evidentiary stand traffic, nearly people neer contrive offers to buy.In an fret to emergence sales, Ed and Yolanda are functional on a rude(a) market dodging that they conceptualize should be quite incompatible from the shotgun cuddle they had been employ over the endure few months.Ed and Yolanda should get along these society stairs footmark 1 constrain a clear hatful and convert it into a virtual(prenominal) thrill statment. maltreat 2 analysis to get the lodge weakness and metier points feeling 3 survey the environs for evidentiary opportunities and threats lining the business. bill 4 attain the fundamental factors for success in the business. blackguard 5 learn the market & give out the competition. measurement 6 make water accompany goals and objectives. metre 7 get up strategic options and study the get hold of strategies. measuring 8 empathize strategic plans into action plans. Step 9 completed controls.The sup ra travel are a unbroken process that volition cumber keep from the low gear and pull up stakes never ends.