British Airways Essay

In 1987, British Airways was privatised, and over the next decade turned from a loss-making nationalised company into â€Å"The World’s Favourite Airline† – a market-leading and very profitable plc. The strategy that transformed the company into a marketing-led and efficient operation was conceived and implemented by Lord King as Chairman, aided by Sir Colin (subsequently Lord) Marshall: two tough businessmen who confronted staff inefficiencies and so improved service effectiveness that BA was rated international business travellers’ favourite airline for several years in the 1990’s. Lord King having retired, Lord Marshall became Chairman and was succeeded as Chief Executive by Bob Ayling, a long-time BA manager. Ayling set in train a strategy to turn BA into a â€Å"global† airline – transcending the â€Å"flag-carrier† status (the role of a nation’s leading airline) it shared with Air France, Lufthansa, Swissair, Alitalia, Iberia – into an airline with no â€Å"national home† operating throughout the world. The dropping of the overtly â€Å"British† heritage and associations was reflected in a changed brand strategy. Away went aeroplane liveries featuring the Union flag, to be replaced by tailfins bearing themed designs from around the world. This was to address the â€Å"global traveller† a savvy (mainly business) customer whose criteria for purchase were service levels, range of destinations, promptness – not price. But the re-branding became a debacle. Customers, staff, alliance partners, shareholders and retailers (travel agents) all liked the British heritage and imagery and rebelled against the turn to an anonymous, characterless new style. Ayling also focused on cost-reduction programmes which antagonised and demotivated BA’s staff – and customers noticed the deterioration in behaviour of staff whose commitment to customer service suddenly plummeted. The upshot was that Ayling was ousted in a boardroom coup in March 2000. During his reign, a loss of 244m in the year to March 31 2000 – the first since privatisation – was recorded and the group’s market value had fallen  by half. A New Face. In May 2000, Rod Eddington joined BA as Chief Executive. He was previously Managing Directory of Cathay Pacific and Executive Chairman of Ansett, an Australian airline. Eddington’s immediate actions were designed to restore profitability to BA’s operations – and to restore the Union Flag to BA’s planes! He set about reducing the fleet, moving to smaller aircraft, cutting clearly unprofitable routes. He also targeted â€Å"high-yield† customers, the traditional mainstay segment for BA. Matching supply with demand was the overall concern, to restore positive cash flow. Strategically, BA’s longtime search for a merger partner was resumed. A link with American Airlines, the first choice partner, was out of the question after US regulatory authorities squashed the idea. A proposed merger with KLM, the Dutch flag carrier, was discussed in some depth, but that foundered on doubts over the long-term financial benefits, and arguments over the relative shares each airline would have in the merged company. Low-Cost Airlines. Meanwhile, the airline industry was undergoing a seismic shift with the rise of low-cost â€Å"no frills† airlines. Ryanair and easyJet had, at first, demonstrated the existence of a new market for cheap airline travel which had not been tapped by traditional airlines. But then they began to expand and to compete for passengers that normally would have gone to BA – even business class customers couldn’t see the reason â€Å"to pay  £100 for breakfast† (the difference in price between BA and easyJet between London and Edinburgh.) BA’s response (under Bob Ayling) was to form GO as a direct response to the no-frills competitor. Operating out of Stansted airport, GO was operated entirely separately from BA, so none of the high-cost culture was inherited. Launched in the face of vociferous opposition from easyJet, GO nevertheless established itself in the market – though at what cost, no-one could guess. Rod Eddington soon decided that his focus on premium customers made GO’s operations inconsistent with that of BA as a whole. GO was sold in May 2001 for  £100m to 3i, a UK venture capital and private equity group. GO was subsequently sold on to easy Jet for 375m. However, the driving of aggressive strategies from budget airlines is still forcing flag-carriers to re-assess their business models. The Outcome. For the year ended March 2001, Eddington’s steps had yielded a quadrupling of operating profits. Market share on key routes had been lost as cuts in fleet and routes bit, but BA believed it had lost customers who paid deeply-discounted fares. BA continued its vigorous pursuit of high-yield passengers. September 11th. So, all seemed to be going well. The brand was being restored, financial performance was improving and the only real problem was lack of progress on forming a partnership with a US carrier, prevented by the regulators. Then came September 11th, and the airline market fell apart. The consequences were swift – passenger numbers fell 28%, US airports were closed for a week, Swissair, Sabena, US Airlines and nearly, Aer Lingus, went bust. Alitalia lost 570m, Lufthansa 400m. Altogether the industry lost 7bn and shed 120,000 jobs – 13,000 at BA – and passenger numbers are still running at 13% below normal on transatlantic routes. In contrast, passenger numbers and financial results at low-cost carriers – easyJet and Ryanair – were rising impressively. Then came Sars, the Iraq war and the continuing sluggishness of the world economy, all deeply damaging to passenger numbers. Strategy at BA was thrown into disarray. Current Strategy. With the travel market is still subject to â€Å"global economic and political uncertainty†, BA has repeated its forecasts for lower revenues. However, the â€Å"fundamentals of this business are stronger than they have been for four or five years† John Rishton, Finance Director, says BA is generating cash, and is conserving that cash. (FT and D.Tel. 6.11.02). The operational imperatives to cope with the turbulent environment are expressed in BA’s â€Å"Future Size and Shape† initiative which is intended to: – Achieve significant cost reductions. Originally targeted at 650m, the cost savings are now expected to save an annualised  £1.1bn over 3 years (FT 19.3.03). Simplified operations and minimal overheads is the aim. – Cut capacity, to match supply of aircraft and flights to the reduced demand. – Cut staffing levels. A further 3,000 job cuts planned for March 2004 have been brought forward to September 2003. – Change BA’s business model. Aware that no-frills competition is not going to go away, but that BA possesses a positive service heritage, BA wants to create an offering that combines the best bits of BA and the no-frills model. Martin George, BA’s director of marketing and commercial development, explains â€Å"our customers like the BA product – convenient airports, high frequency, good level of service – but want it at the right price, and that’s what we’ll give them. It’s about changing our business model to allow us to compete profitably† (Management Today, September 2000). – Rationalise BA’s internal UK and short-haul business – CitiExpress has been formed from the activities of subsidiaries Brymon, BRAL, Manx and BA Regional. To stem heavy losses on this short-haul network, some rationalisation has been done – it has pulled out of Cardiff and Leeds-Bradford airports, and will cut its current fleet from 82 to 50 all-jet planes by end-2005. However, it is expanding operations from Manchester, and from London City airport to Paris and Frankfurt. (FT 18.12.02). It is recognised that BA started to take the bitter medicine of cost cuts and restructuring earlier and in bigger doses than rivals in Europe and North America, and that Rod Eddington has pushed through changes that were long overdue. But is this enough? – can BA wrest back the short haul market from easyJet and Ryanair, while maintaining its position in the longhaul market†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Strike! In July 2003, just at the start of the busy holiday season, BA was hit by an unofficial strike by Heathrow check-in and sales staff who were objecting to a hasty introduction of a swipe-card automatic clocking system. 500 flights were cancelled, affecting 100,000 passengers. The damage to BA’s service reputation was enormous. Both management and union leaders were taken by surprise, and it brought to a head the existence of restrictive practices going back 40 or 50 years which both sides have to confront. Performance. Results for the year ending 31st March 2003 showed a pretax profit of 135 on turnover down 7.8% to  £7.69bn, up from a loss of 335 in the year to March 2002. The results included a charge of 84m for the planned ending of Concorde flights in October, and a fourth-quarter loss (January to March) of 200m. These positive results were entirely down to cost reduction. No  dividend was paid – a consequence of the need to conserve cash. Operating margin at 3.8% is way below Eddington’s target of 10%. (D.Tel, 20.5.03, FT, 21.5.03). In the first quarter of the 2003-04 year, a pretax loss of  £45m was incurred – the effect of the Heathrow strike was put at 30-40m. The business environment. However, Rod Eddington sees the furure business environment as very hard to read, but expects it to get tougher. 2003-04 was meant, according to analysts, to be BA’s year of recovery, but it is not now expected to happen. (DTel, 11.2.03) A critical development is the start of talks between the EU and the USA to dismantle the web of regulations that have controlled the development of international aviation since the mid-1940’s. Eddington, as chairman of the Association of European Airlines, insists that truly global airlines are impossible in the current regulatory environment. â€Å"If it were left to the market, international airlines would undoubtedly follow in the footsteps of other industries and would seek the benefits of scale and scope that are currently denied them. A truly global airline†¦..would be free to operate wherever its customers demanded, free to grow organically or through acquisition and free to charge whatever the market would bear.† These talks are likely to be very long. However, it potentially offers the opportunity for an opening of the two biggest airline markets and lead to substantial consolidation of participants. (FT, 29.9.03). The takeover of KLM, the Dutch flag carrier, by Air France, may be the precursor to the consolidation expected. BA sees no threat from what is now Europe’s largest airline. D.Tel, 1.01.03).

Identify the statutory and voluntary agencies who may work together at the scene of an emergency incident Essay

P3 – place the statutory and voluntary bureaus who may work together at the scene of an exigency incident Statutory and voluntary bureaus:Statutory bureaus are services like the constabulary. fire and ambulance. These will ever fall in an exigency incident. However at some incidents they will be helped by voluntary bureaus like: St John Ambulance – St John Ambulance is a charitable administration staffed by trained voluntaries. The administration responds to 100s of exigency incidents ( including major incidents ) such as inundations. fires. route traffic hits and train clangs. The service supports and aids those in demand. and is an first-class resource in footings of trained staff. medical assistance and exigency vehicles. It can besides supply emptying Centres. The St John ambulance has helped the statutory bureaus during the implosion therapies 2007 in York. â€Å"Throughout June and July 2007 our voluntaries worked indefatigably to assist back up communities hit by heavy inundation Waterss. We have provided a 24-hour support with voluntaries and vehicles in a command to assist people struck by the catastrophe and set up many remainder Centres for those evacuated from their homes† . As you can see St John Ambulance makes a immense difference when they help the other exigency services at a major incident as it says above ‘set up many remainder Centres for those evacuated from their home’ . By them making that they have helped out the constabulary services which saved them plentifulness of clip. British Red Cross – The British Red Cross is a voluntary administration that provides all kinds of things for illustration: First Aid. Emergency Response. Heal and Social Care. happening losing household. fixing for catastrophes and last but non least refugees support. During an incident the administration can supply emotional support. support with the attention of kids and pets use of shower and lavatory installations. proviso of toilet articless. vesture. light refreshments. usage of a telephone and last but non least first assistance. â€Å"As a prima voluntary administration for exigency response. the Red Cross has 1000s of specially trained voluntaries who provide a scope of services to people in exigencies. including practical and emotional support and first assistance services. The Red Cross besides has well-equipped fire and exigency support service ( FESS ) vehicles which play a critical function in back uping local fire and ambulance services. Before the implosion therapy began. we launched a coordinated response to assist vulnerable people across countries threatened by deluging in the UK. Our response included: Emptying. staffing remainder Centres. support to the statutory services. distribution of exigency commissariats. support from across the administration. supplies and information. The British Red Cross have done a immense favor non merely to the populace but to the statutory bureaus by back uping them on first assistance and emptying ECT. In my sentiment without the British Red Cross it would of been 10 times harder to work out the major incident. non merely that hundreds more of casualties would of died if it weren’t for the British Red cross. Mountain deliverance – Mountain deliverance. a voluntary service that is train to deliver people who may hold an accident it the mountain or lake country where there is limited ways to reach anybody for aid. The Mountain Rescue squad has supported the statutory bureaus during the Grayrigg train clang at 2007. â€Å"Mr Farron. MP for South Lakes. said: â€Å"It’s merely suiting that Network Rail’s mulct goes to assist those who were foremost to supply aid on the dark. Sadly it is all excessively true that these fantastic voluntary services do hold to keep out a manus for windfalls and without them they could non survive† . As you can see the mountain deliverance squad was a immense support. It been said above without them they could non last that proves a point that mountain deliverance squad is a difficult working and organized administration. BibliographyBourley. A. ( 2012. May 24 ) . Give MOUNTAIN RESCUE TEAMS GRAYRIGG FINES CASH. SAYS CUMBRIAN MP. Retrieved october 8. 2013. from newsandstar: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. newsandstar. co. uk/news/give-mountain-rescue-teams-grayrigg-fines-cash-says-umbrian-mp-1. 957516? referrerPath= # Dymond. H. ( n. d. ) . Emergency response. Retrieved 10 8. 2013. from sja: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sja. org. uk/sja/what-we-do/emergency-response. aspx Gray. D. ( 2010 ) . oublic services level 3 btec subjects book 2. Society. T. B. ( 2007. august 2 ) . How the UK inundations crisis unfolded. Retrieved january 10. 2013. from redcross: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. redcross. org. uk/What-we-do/Emergency-response/Past-emergency-appeals/National-Floods-Appeal-2007/How-the-crisis-unfolded

Calculate the Total Asset Turnover

Question 4: Calculate the total asset turnover, the P, P, & E Turnover, and the intangible asset turnover for each of the past two years. Are these turnover ratios increasing or decreasing? What might explain these trends? Total Asset Turnover is a financial ratio that measures the efficiency of company’s use of its assets to product sales. It is a measure of how efficiently management is using the assets at its disposal to promote sales.The ratio helps to measure the productivity of a company’s assets. Total Asset Turnover is calculated by Net Sales divided by Total Assets. We had to calculate the Total Asset Turnover, the Property, Plant, and Equipment Turnover, and the Intangible Asset Turnover Ratios in 2010 and 2011 for Johnson and Johnson Company. The below table shows the above ratios in 2010 and 2011. |2010 |2011 | |Total Asset Turnover = |61,587 = |60% |65,030 = |57% | | |102,908 | |113,644 | | | | | | | | |P, P, & E Turnover = |61,587 = |4. 3x |65,030 = |4. 41 x | | |14,553 | |14,739 | | | | | | | | |Intangible Asset Turnover = |61,587 = |1. 92x |65,030 = |1. 89x | | |32,010 | |34,276 | |For the Total Asset Turnover, there is a decrease from 60% in 2010 to 57% in 2011. For the Property, Plant, and Equipment Turnover, there is an increase from 4. 23 in 2010 to 4. 41 in 2011. For the Intangible Asset Turnover, there is a decrease from 1. 92 in 2010 to 1. 89 in 2011. Increases in the asset turnover ratio over time may indicate a company is growing into its capacity. A decreasing ratio may indicate the opposite. Asset purchases made in anticipation of coming growth (or the sale of unnecessary assets in anticipation of declining growth) can suddenly and somewhat artificially change a company's asset turnover ratio.

Role of Power in Policy Development and Implementation Research Paper

Role of Power in Policy Development and Implementation - Research Paper Example There is a significant role of power in the society. Those people who are given the power to govern have the authority to impose rules, create programs or decide important matters that involve the welfare of everyone. When we try to look around us we see people like the presidents, prime ministers, or kings who are given the power to rule over their countries. When one has power, the authority is given to that person to decide on things in behalf of the whole nation. Major Types of Power Power is being categorized into certain types to determine its nature and the way that it is obtained. French and Raven in the year 1959 (as cited in â€Å"Five Bases of Power,† n.d.) were the social psychologists who formulated the five bases of power, which are the following: Positional Power Positional power is the authority given to people who have a position in an organization or society. It is considered as the most important among all the other types of power. This type of power is comm only present in organizations, appointing an individual to act as the leader so that jobs are performed well. Reward Power The basis of which is the capability of an individual to give rewards to those who deserve to be given one. It is somehow related to legitimate power. Those who are in high corporate position have the power to offer rewards to their subordinates like bonuses, promotions and incentives to name a few. Personal Power Personal power is the power to persuade others through the interpersonal skill of an individual. It is the ability of someone to influence others by simply using their charm to attract people’s attention. Most political leaders possess this type of power. Expert Power This is inherent to those who are intelligent people. The mastery on a specific body of knowledge is considered as expert power. This may bring someone to higher positions like in the government or organizations. Coercive Power This is considered as a negative type of power for it is more influenced by fear. This gives an individual the right to impose punishments and even stop someone from receiving benefits. Examples of Power Experienced In the Society The most prevalent type of power present in our district is positional power. In the field of politics, the power is vested upon those people who qualify specifically for a government position by means of an election. In every district, a governor is elected who serves as the leader and decision-maker. The authority given to the governor is affiliated with great responsibilities. Practically as what the word position implies, positional power is dependent upon the position of an individual. So if the person is into the higher rank like in the case of a governor, then there is greater amount of power given. The higher the position, the greater power is attained. Another common type of power present in the district is personal power. There are many of those successful people who have this quality of building re lationships to other people, through the use of their persuasive and at the same time charismatic approach. Business owners have the ability to influence a consumer’s decision upon purchasing through their flowery statements. Well politicians also have their way of

The Law of Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Law of Contract - Essay Example On boarding the train, Maggie slipped on the carriage’s floor and injured her ankle and damaged her new coat. She lost her balance because the English Rail staff had failed to clean tea spilled previously on the carriage floor. The objective of exemption clauses is to exclude the liability of one of the parties. However, the Unfair Contract Terms Act, states that no contractual exclusion term can either limit or preclude liability, in cases involving negligence that resulted in injury or death of an individual. Moreover, in instances entailing a term of notice that is unreasonable; liability for negligence cannot be mitigated or excluded. The redoubtable Lord Denning, in Spurling v Bradshaw, opined that certain exclusion clauses were to be printed conspicuously and in red ink on the relevant document. Therefore, considerable importance is attached to exemption clauses by the courts. No such prominent notice was given to Maggie, and the reverse of the ticket contained a direction to view the website of English Rail, for information regarding its rules. As such, the exclusion clause was not incorporated into the contract, prior to the completion of the contract. Hence it is invalid. In Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking, the court rejected the exclusion clause and ruled that printing the exclusion clause on the reverse of the ticket constituted insufficient notice to customers. Due to the gross negligence of English Rail’s staff, Maggie sustained the injury to her ankle and her new coat was damaged.

MBA - Marketing Strategy report on General Motors Research Proposal

MBA - Marketing Strategy report on General Motors - Research Proposal Example With every organization wanting to expand their reach and make an imprint in various markets, there will be enough opportunities for it, to initiate that expansion drive. So, when the organization has enough opportunities, it can set targets and formulate various strategies to achieve those targets and thereby beat off the competitors. Every organization’s survival and success in the light of stiff competition hinges on the success of its main or flagship product. It is the ‘key’ that opens the door of success or profit. So, for an organization to survive in a competitive market, and to increase its profits in an optimum manner, its products have to be marketed optimally. Toeing that line, this report will determine the current marketing strategy of General Motors. Then, the report will evaluate the strategies in view of its existing business environment, recommended improvements that would enable them to compete more effectively. General Motors Corporation (GM), a multinational corporation, was founded in 1908 as a holding company for a firm called Buick, then controlled by William C. Durant. Now, it functions as a conglomerate manufacturing and selling, cars and trucks under the brands of Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GM Daewoo, GMC, Holden, Hummer, Opel, Pontiac, Saab, Saturn and Vauxhall. Each of these brands has a number of cars and trucks under its division or arm. Even though, they are manufactured in one unit, vehicles coming under each brand are most times marketed differentially and some times in unison. Headquartered in Detroit, Michigan (USA), GM manufactures automobiles in 35 countries, capturing a sizeable portion of the world market share. GM was thus acknowledged as the worlds largest automaker, based on global industry sales. GM was able to hold on to this top position for the last 77 calendar years. But, its reign as the top automaker was threatened in the last few years. Apart from the intens e competition put

Discussion Forum Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Forum - Coursework Example The contemporary curriculum provides a greater range of subjects; moreover, students of both sexes are given the same chances. Integrated Co-Teaching – ICT teaching has been introduced and is now considered to be an important part of daily life with a huge influence on future job prospects (PeÃŒ rez, 2013). In the past years, a teacher’s equipment entailed a chalk, a blackboard, and their subject knowledge. The students’ equipment usually consisted of a pencil/pen and paper/workbook (Arai, 2007). A current education system offers a variety of equipment that is largely influenced by technology. Items like whiteboard, projectors, tablets, and computers are commonplace and have expanded learning opportunities for students with different abilities. Many learning and teaching strategies incorporated in education system enhances learning to students with different capabilities (PeÃŒ rez, 2013). Online learning is also a major change in the education system that has evolved with technology. Elite schools and community colleges alike are currently offering online options, and these programs can be particularly attractive to mature students who have families and jobs. The students can access materials and do exams while far away from the learning institution. This has enhanced the efficiency as well as the effectiveness of learning (Conrad, 2005). Modern education system reveals more effectual teaching practices, better responsiveness to student needs, as well as adaptation to a fast-changing society that prepares students to utilize technology together with information as consumers, workers, and citizens is

WHY ARE NOT MEN MORE INTERESTED IN CHILD CARE Essay

WHY ARE NOT MEN MORE INTERESTED IN CHILD CARE - Essay Example In this respect, the influencing factors and reasons why this is the case are critical to capture. While women’s studies constitute a course just like any other, the minimal or limited men participation draws an interesting feature that needs to be looked into. It is essential to critically capture and uncover the reasons why few men pursue women’s studies. As the course name suggests, the subject matter of the course seems to be primarily women oriented (Lorber, Davis, and Evans 61). In this context, the position of men in women’s studies will be evaluated while taking into consideration the changing nature of the world over time. There have to be some explaining factors behind few men numbers that pursue women’s studies. Men enrolments in women’s studies remain relatively low over the years (Tarrant & Katz 195), and the reason why this is the trend will be presented in this section of the paper. By this time, the paper will have established the explaining phenomena behind few men enrolments in women’s studies, and this part will explore the likelihood of increasing men numbers in women’s studies through any appropriate and functional

Red Convertible by OConnor and Guests of the Nation by Erdrich Essay

Red Convertible by OConnor and Guests of the Nation by Erdrich - Essay Example These stories are analyzed in this essay along with the current status of the Indian American culture. The story the Red Convertible talks about the experiences of two Indian brothers one summer prior to one of the going to war. The story focuses on the experience these two adventurers had a red convertible which was the first convertible car to arrive at their reservation. The red convertible to them was a symbol of freedom and let them escape from the struggle their people were facing. It provides insight into the tribal lifestyle and how these two learned to enjoy the simpler things in life such as nature, family, culture, and loyalty. Following that summer one of the brothers went to war. He struggled with psychological problems and could not cope with everyday life after he came back as damaged goods from the war. The brother tried to sheer his sibling up by restoring the red convertible but to no avail. War left scars on him which could not be repaired. The second story dealt w ith Irish army platoons and how the war can create friendships and destroy life and how these memories can last a lifetime. The story centers around a small group of Irish soldiers and a couple of English soldier prisoners under their care. For months they lived together in a shack sharing stories and becoming weird friends even though they were enemies. The stories go into detail about the struggles these people went through during the war and how by sharing each other lives the men took compassion and understood what each other was enduring. In the end, despite the relationship, these people had built the Irish soldiers were forced to kill the English prisoners who had become their friends under order from their superiors. These stories showed the type of struggle different cultures has gone through under tough situations.

Financial Position of a Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Position of a Business - Essay Example In a few cases, they may also be shareholders, and as such - they will be interested in their salaries, job prospects and security. The next group of stakeholders to be influenced by the business is the customers and suppliers. If the business is doing well and the profits and margins are high, the suppliers are happy. If the products are sold in the market at competitive rates, the customers are benefited. The quality and specialty of the product also influence the business to a great extent. Banks and other financial organisations lending money to the business have a stake in it, as they would expect timely repayment of loans, if taken from their bank. The Government , especially the Customs and Excise department, which collects tax from them has a stake in the business. Another category of stakeholders is the Pressure Groups. These groups make sure that the business is acting appropriately in their area of interest. These groups could be acting in the interest of the environment, public interest or related areas. Financial Accounting is the process by which companies produce financial statements for outside users.The users of FA are a faceless group, external users, present and potential shareholders. This accounting system is built around assets, which include the liabilities and the stockholders' equity base. This accounting has a historical time-frame, it is reported as it is. In FA, financial statements are the end product and include primarily financial information. Uses approximations but as a generalization is more precise than MA.The report takes the entire organization into account.This accounting involves taking into account the direct costs i.e costs directly traced to the goods or services and indirect costs ie. costs incurred jointly in producing goods or services. Management Accounting helps managers plan, implement and control the budget and finances of the company. The users of MA are known managers who influence the information which is required. This accounting is more focused on the future and decision-oriented. This analysis contains monetary and non-monetary information. As the management needs information to be useful in decision-making, and therefore, precision is sometimes sacrificed. The report focuses on small parts of the business. The uses of MA include Measurement of revenues, costs, and assets Control. Assist in deciding on alternative course of action. Generally, MAs have the following features Different numbers for different purposes. Many different types of costs: historical, standard, overhead, variable, fixed, differential, marginal, opportunity, direct, estimated, full, etc. Clarify which type you are talking about. Accounting numbers are approximations. Best that we can with incomplete data. Accounting evidence is only partial evidence other factors help make decisions. People not numbers get things done. How you use the numbers is as important as how the

There is no need for animal research anymore Essay

There is no need for animal research anymore - Essay Example (Carl, n.d) All this is being done in the name of science, medical research, cosmetics, tobacco and other various forms of consumer products. Why aren’t these tests being so widely condemned? How is this not cruel and unjust? Somehow one species tends to overlook the rights of others when there is benefit. But is it all worth it? Is it even valid? Do we even need animal experimentation in today’s world of advanced scientific simulation and other techniques? According to studies, the annual number of animals used in laboratory tests, reaches an estimated 100 million. These tests are performed on a wide range of animals that include rats, mice, rabbits, apes, monkeys but also domestic cats and dogs (Carl, n.d). An estimated 1600 chimpanzees are housed in U.S research facilities. Almost 23 million rats and mice were subjected to â€Å"experimentation† in the year 1998. These figures come from National Association for Biomedical Research. PETA, on the other hand, says that the figures go higher. Rodents and mice were not even included in the 1996 Animal Welfare act, eventhough 90 percent of the testing is done on them. It wan’t until end of 2000 that they were included in these statistics. Many justify animal testing by crediting it for major medical breakthroughs, including penicillin, chemotherapy for childhood leukemia, hip replacement, insulin, the polio vaccine and heart bypass surgeries. (Fast Facts: animal testing) The most common justification about animal experimentation is that it is a necessary process for the development of medicines, vaccines and cures for human illnesses. Those in favor of animal testing justify the act by asking, what will happen to the research on finding cures diseases such as AIDS, cancer and other heart diseases, if animals aren’t used for medical experimentation? Is animal testing so important, that the research on these diseases will not

Importance of Chemistry in Chosen Profession Essay Example for Free

Importance of Chemistry in Chosen Profession Essay The international year of Chemistry (2011) should be the key point in a significant growth of the diffusion of chemistry to show society its importance, how it is necessary, which can provide, in order to put it in the appropriate place to be considered by the public. Different activities have been carried out in almost all the science faculties of the Spanish Universities during 2011 to develop the interest in chemistry. Those activities also include the collaboration with teachers in levels before to the University. The Faculty of Science of the University of Extremadura, as well as, in our case, a group of professors, PhD and PhD students are carrying out actions of divulgation of science including chemistry. The aim is to carry out chemical laboratory experiences for high-school students. Experiences in the laboratory were structured in response to different levels of difficulty and looking those more attractive or those that could hit the students. Addressed aspects were related to spectroscopy, surface tension, oxidation, reduction, precipitation, acidity, chromatography, liquid – liquid distillation, etc. The students worked in each activity in groups no larger than 4-5 students and they carried out the experience with the help of the instructor. It is noticeable the great number of activities described in the literature, in the network, etc., for the diffusion of chemistry. However, a crucial aspect is the form in which those experiences are carried out, as well as the participation of the students is active and the goals such as awaken the interest in science in general and chemistry in particular are achieved. Another point is to involve the university community especially the youngest in the necessity to spread the knowledge and the interest in science. We present a catalog of chemical experiences and a plan to be developed extensively to all the levels previous to the university, including primary school level. . Answer: Chemistry has a reputation for being a complicated and boring science, but for the most part, that reputation is undeserved. Fireworks and explosions are based on chemistry, so its definitely not a boring science. If you take classes in chemistry, youll apply math and logic, which can make studying chemistry a challenge if you are weak in those areas. However, anyone can understand the basics of how things work and thats the study of chemistry. In a nutshell, the importance of chemistry is that it explains the world around you. Chemistry Explains * Cooking Chemistry explains how food changes as you cook it, how it rots, how to preserve food, how your body uses the food you eat, and how ingredients interact to make food. * Cleaning Part of the importance of chemistry is it explains how cleaning works. You use chemistry to help decide what cleaner is best for dishes, laundry, yourself, and your home. You use chemistry when you use bleaches and disinfectants and even ordinary soap and water. How do they work? Thats chemistry! * Medicine You need to understand basic chemistry so you can understand how vitamins, supplements, and drugs can help or harm you. Part of the importance of chemistry lies in developing and testing new medical treatments and medicines. * Environmental Issues Chemistry is at the heart of environmental issues. What makes one chemical a nutrient and another chemical a pollutant? Importance of Taking Chemistry Everyone can and should understand basic chemistry, but it may be important to take a course in chemistry or even make a career out of it. Its important to understand chemistry if you are studying any of the sciences because all of the sciences involve matter and the interactions between types of matter. Students wanting to become doctors, nurses, physicists, nutritionists, geologists, pharmacists, and (of course) chemists all study chemistry. You might want to make a career of chemistry because chemistry-related jobs are plentiful and high-paying. The importance of chemistry wont be diminished over time, so it will remain a promising career path.

The Middle East And North Africa Mena Economics Essay

The Middle East And North Africa Mena Economics Essay Economic Integration is the elimination of  tariff  and nontariff barriers to the  flow  of  goods,  services, and  factors of production  between a group of  nations.  The purpose of Economic Integration is to allow the free flow of goods and service between nations that can benefit from the economic resources of partner nations. The Economic Integration Model used for this paper is MENA; commonly known as Middle East and North Africa. The countries and regions included in MENA are labeled in the map below http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/MENA.png The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is an economically diverse region that includes both the oil-rich economies in the Gulf and countries that are resource-scarce in relation to population, such as Egypt, Morocco, and Yemen. The MENA region includes the following countries: Algeria | Bahrain | Djibouti | Egypt | Iran | Iraq | Israel | Jordan I Kuwait | Lebanon | Libya | Malta | Morocco | Oman | Qatar | Saudi Arabia | Syria I Tunisia | United Arab Emirates | West Bank and Gaza | Yemen The MENA countries have signed a series of multilateral, regional, and bilateral trade agreements. Multilateral agreements are within the framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO), of which, with the exception of Syria and the West Bank and Gaza, all countries in the region are members or have observer status. Ten MENA countries have signed European Union-Mediterranean Association Agreements (EMAAs) with the E.U. These agreements replace the preferential access to European markets for goods from African, Caribbean, and Pacific countries with a reciprocal reduction in tariffs on many goods. However, these agreements generally exempt agricultural commodities. The MENA region is also an oil rich region and the regions economic fortunes over much of the past quarter century have been heavily influenced by the price of oil. During the recession of 2008 that effected global economies and the demand for oil, it led to increase uncertainty for the MENA region because of its high dependence on oil price in the international market. As an integrated unit MENA has been able to cope with global recession because of its combined trade policy. In the years to come, integrated regions similar to MENA might be the answer to future problems and hence makes it important to look at costs and benefits of economic integration in the light of MENA. The paper will firstly look at the current problems and challenges faced by the MENA region and then look at the benefits of integration to the region Challenges faced by the MENA region In order to understand the challenges faced by the MENA region collectively, it is important to divide the region into groups and look at these problems in a coherent segregated manner. According to a report by OECD titled Opportunities and challenges in the MENA region these classifications are: Resource-rich, labor-abundant countries are producers and exporters of oil and gas and have large native populations, which represent almost the totality of their residents. This group of countries includes Algeria, Iraq, Syria and Yemen. Resource-rich, labor-importing countries are producers and exporters of oil and gas and have large shares of foreign or expatriate residents, who represent a significant percentage of the total population, even the majority in some cases. This group of countries comprises the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) members (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) and Libya. Resource-poor countries are small producers or importers of oil and gas. These countries include Djibouti, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia, and the Palestinian Authority. (OECD, 2003) Unemployment The challenges faced by MENA include high unemployment levels (in particular among youth); pervasive corruption and lack of accountability and transparency; bloated public sectors with state-owned enterprises that crowdout the development of private enterprise and investment; low levels of enterprise creation; and, for a number of countries, a high dependence on fuel and food imports generating extensive exposure to commodity price volatility. Given that these challenges are both structural and interconnected, they can be addressed only through a coordinated and comprehensive strategy that involves governments, the private sector, civil society, and the international community which I will show later in the essay. The chart below from the World Bank shows unemployment rates for 2000 and 2009 in the MENA region, indicating the change in unemployment over nine years. (World Bank, 2011) Arab Spring Revolution Immigration is expected to increase in those countries most affected by the Arab Spring. Immigration to GCC countries, which already host significant shares of Arab immigrants, is expected to rise. Numerous accounts have been reported of Immigrants fleeing from Northern Africa to Europe. Furthermore, a survey of Egyptian young people by the International organization for Migration found that the onset of protests and instability may have acted as a primary push factor for youth who reported prior intentions to migrate. The surveys results showed that two-thirds of respondents with migration intentions who were working prior to the start of the protests were negatively affected by the events: 26 percent lost their jobs, 20 percent were asked to take unpaid leave, and 19 percent witnessed a reduction in their working hours. (International Organization for Migration, 2011) Inflation Data from OECD indicated that high inflation which is the product of a high dependence on fuel and food imports represents a major challenge for resource-poor countries. For the MENA region; consumer price inflation has remained high since the oil and fuel price spikes of 2007-08. This is particularly the case in Egypt, which registered an inflation rate of 5 percent during 1996-2005 and a significantly higher rate of 11 percent during 2006-10. A notable exception to high inflation has been Morocco, which has kept consumer price increases below 3 percent. (OECD, 2003) Costs and Benefits of Economic Integration in MENA Although the MENA region has registered a relatively high economic growth during the last few years, However;the absence of a vibrant private sector which would have been able to create more and better jobs, has meant that economic performance has not been reflected in improved living standards for the majority. As discussed earlier, some factors causing this deficiency are rigid labor markets, skills mismatches, the crowding out of private enterprise by SOEs and high corruption. But there are also other economic and structural factors, such as low levels of competitiveness in manufacturing sectors, lack of export-market diversification, and low intraregional integration which still exists in the region. Furthermore, although the Arab Spring provides an important opportunity for economic reform, although its immediate effects will be negative for those countries most affected by social and political instability Transition examples from other regions suggest that the medium-run gains from moving to more open and accountable governments are sizable. Income growth tends to stabilize at a higher average rate in the decade after transition, and income volatility at a lower rate, as compared with the previous period. The results will depend on how swiftly and credibly governments can commit to reform. In the meantime, as investors wait for political uncertainty to be resolved in countries affected by political turmoil, it is inevitable that investment will be delayed and economic challenges will emerge. Evidence from earlier transitions shows that these difficulties tend to be limited; growth typically dips for only one year and then returns to or exceeds previous levels. Integration via Trade in Goods Regional trade agreements (RTAs) have proliferatedin the MENA region in the past two decades. Such agreements can make it possible to reap benefits from internationalintegration, while tailoring the provisions ofthe agreements to the particular needs and adjustmentcapacities of the countries involved. They canalso have beneficial indirect effects. Opening domesticmarkets to partner countries, for example, can increasecompetition in sectors with previously highlyconcentrated industrial structures. Such precompetitive impacts are particularly important for countriesthat have only a nascent domestic competition policy.Also, regional cooperation can be effective in harmonizingcustoms procedures and domestic regulations.Adopting common rules on investment, forexample, has the potential to encourage increased inflowsof foreign direct investment by enhancing thecredibility of FDI-related policies and providing a restrainton sudden policy reversals. According to the World Bank many MENA countries have recently seen the share of intraregional trade in total merchandise trade increase dramatically over the past two decades. Compared to this; the extent of intraregional trade remains lowerthan in all other regions of the world, except for South Asia. Though the ratio of intraregional trade to GDP exceeds 15 percent in the Syrian Arab Republic and Jordan, in most MENA countries the ratio remains in the low single digits. In particular, resource-rich, labor-importing countries generally show a very low level of intra-MENA exports in relation to GDP, despite high total export-to-GDP ratios. (World Bank, 2005). Integration through Services For an economy, services typically contribute a major portion to the GDP. Therefore, it is important to remove barriers to entryfor both domestic and foreign firms and increasethe efficiency of services. The current regional integration agreements inMENA generally do not cover services trade, and in areas where the agreements do cover services, it is in the terms of intentions and tacit agreements. Moreover, there still exist differences in regulations and at times limits on the physical movement of individuals. In these cases it is currently creating a situation in which it is often easier for MENA countries service providers to operate in countries outside the region than within. The chart below from the World Bank represents the service exports for selected countries in the MENA region. Integration through Labor reforms If we compare the regions integration through trade and labor we can see that the MENA region is more integrated in the globaleconomy through labor mobility than through tradeand investment. According to a report by the World Bank on the MENA region titled Economic Developments and Prospects it has outlined that the regions share of global trade flows is below 5 percent, andthe region receives an even lower share of globalFDI flows. However, about 16 percent of all remittancespaid out to migrants in the world originate inthe MENA region, essentially the GCC countries,and 10 percent of global remittances are received byresidents of MENA countries. (World Bank, 2008) They have also explained a recent trend where MENAs share in remittances has come down significantly since the 1990s, at atime when remittances to India, China, Mexico, andthe Philippines have increased exponentially. Thus looking closely at these huge labor flows in the past it becomes important to ask here if immigrations are entirely conflict-driven flows. This is not the case if we look at the chart below where the share of refugees as a portion of Migrants has decreased dramatically. One of the primary factors favoring the increase in immigration still appears to be demographics. According to population projections from the United Nations in context with labor force participation rates, show that, if there is no migration then the labor force in GCC countries will keep growing at 2.2 percent per yearbetween 2005 and 2010, but after 2010, this growth rate will decline. Thus, without additional migrant workers, two GCC workers would still have to supportthree inactive persons over the foreseeable future. This shows that if there are no drastic changes then underlying demographic factors will continue to favor more migration. Integration through Capital Flows Two developments frame the context for recenttrends in capital markets in the MENA region: countriessuch as Syria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisiahave begun to deepen structural and institutionalreforms, increasing the demand for capital The oil boom has generated massive liquidity in theGulf states, thus increasing the supply of capital. Compared with conditions in previous oil boomperiods, a higher amount of the surplus is now availableto the oil-exporting MENA countries and is beingchanneled into project-based investments in the region.GCC countries have already allocated over$1.3 trillion in infrastructure and manufacturing investmentsover the next 5 years according to the EIU outlook for 2007 (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2007) On the other hand, Project-based investments have recently been increasingespecially in Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, andTunisia. These intra-MENA investments are mostly basedon telecommunications, infrastructure, real estate,tourism, and banking. The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency has list of multibillion-dollar investment projects in MENA which is getting longer. According to them some recent investment projects include: A$9 billion tourism project by Dubai Holding and Emaar Holding in Morocco, Kuwaits Telecom Group (Wataniya) expanding into Tunisia, DubaiHolding acquiring 33.5 percent of Tunis Telecom ($2.25 billion), and the Bukhater Groups $5 billion City Complex project in Tunisia. To date, there are 15MENA national investment promotion agencies,most of which were established in the past decade.New investments are facilitated by private groupsand finance houses, and governments are closelymonitoring reform indexes published by internationalagencies to analyze the effects of greater investments intra-region. (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, 2011) Integration through Infrastructure Investments In terms of Infrastructure investment recently, there have been cross-border infrastructure projects that are becoming more prominent in the region. Some of the examplesinclude cross-border electricity grids, gas pipelines,transport links, and telecommunication networks. However, there are still many regulatory and financial challenges.In the past, interconnection of power grids in theMENA region was primarily driven by governmentsconcerns about preserving power supply securityin their respective markets. On the other handother benefits,such as capital investments saving, are also considered,though these are not yet the main drivers fornetwork interconnection. The amount of exported and imported power still remains low in many cases. For instance reports from the World Bank show that only 12 percent of total capacity of theAlgeria-Morocco links is used, 17 percent in the case of the Algeria-Tunisia interconnection. (World Bank, 2011) With the exception of Yemen and Djibouti, transportsystems are well developed in MENA countries. Most countries have been able to develop extensiveroad networks, with high capacity in some areas, and modern facilities for air, sea, and railtransport. The key issue in the region is the quality of the transport assets as a result of the lack of appropriatemaintenance or of poor service operations due to institutional deficiencies. Cost-effectivetransport services, efficient facilitation, and transport infrastructure supplemented with good intermodalconnectivity are required to accommodate the growth in global and intraregional trade. However, regional integration initiatives still remain at an early stage of development in the transport sector.As a result of the closure of several borders in the region, land-based transport plays a minor role inintraregional trade in MENA. Conclusion In light of the recent developments and the challenges faced by the MENA region we can accurately see that there is still room for more substantial development in the region as a result of greater intra-regional economic region. Looking at results from the development of intra-regional trade and services we can see that the benefits outweigh the costs and it is important the reforms are taken at a governmental level to allow for greater de-regulation of markets and policies effecting trade flows between countries. Nevertheless, the recent oil boom and global commodity boom does leave tremendous room for development and growth in the region.

Analysis Of The Economic Outlook Of Singapore Economics Essay

Analysis Of The Economic Outlook Of Singapore Economics Essay Introduction The February Issue of the Wall Street Journal has provided an article on the economic outlook of Singapore. The article contains many economic facts and concepts, which could be analysed and discussed. These concepts are derived from theory and provided in the context of Singaporean economy. Economic The first point raised by the authors of the article was that the economy of Singapore experienced recession during 2009 and started recovering in 2010 (Holmes and Venkat, 2010). We remain optimistic about Singapores outlook in 2010 and continue to expect the economy to return to positive growth of 5.1% in 2010, although we reiterate this years recovery is likely to be gradual and uneven (Holmes and Venkat, 2010, p.1). The Singapore economy can be well explained by the economic theory of business cycles. In general the theory suggests that capitalist society is unstable. Economic growth will never continue steadily but will be developing cyclically. Business Cycle Figure 1: Gross Domestic Product of Singapore in $million The theory distinguishes four major types of business cycles which are classified under Kitchin cycles, Juglar cycles, Kuznets cycles and Kondratiev cycles. The economy of Singapore reached its trough in 2009 in Figure 1. All of them have different time spans. Kitchin cycles last from 3 to 5 years (Kitchin, 1923). Juglar business cycle would last from 7 to 11 years. Kuznets cycles would last from 15 to 25 years (Glasner and Cooley, 1997). The longest business cycle is the one described by Kondratiev and Stolper (1935). It is rather considered a technological wave that has a span from 45 to 60 years. The year 2010 started with the contraction or growth phase of the business cycle. The analysis of historical indicators of GDP would allow for identifying at least four business cycles that developed in the period from 1960 to 2010. From Figure 1 it can be observed that the recent economic recession in Singapore was a part of the classic Juglar cycle that lasted from 2000 to 2010. It had a span of a little over than ten years and had a long phase of expansion with rather a short period of slowdown. Prior to this, there was a short Kitchin cycle that lasted from 1998 to 2000. During these three years, the economy went through a trough, recovery, peak and another slowdown. Inflation Rate Figure 2: Annual Inflation Rate in Singapore It is valid to account for the price level and real GDP of the country for the estimation of the business cycle. Real GDP is the nominal GDP deflated by the rate of inflation. High inflation would overestimate the value of GDP and economic growth would be presented higher than it really is. The changes in the annual inflation rate of Singapore are presented in Figure 2. During the years 1998 and 2009 when the economy of Singapore was experiencing recessions, the inflation rate was lower than during the phase of expansion. This observation indicates that inflation is higher when the economy is growing because businesses firstly tend to increase prices and then the output when additional demand appears. During the phase of slowdown, the situation is the opposite. Inflation rates tend to go down and nominal GDP approaches the value of real GDP. Aggregate Demand and Supply The expected economic expansion in Singapore in 2010 can also be explained by the theory of aggregate demand and supply. Generally, when demand (AD) increases, the prices rise and this in turn stimulates producers to increase supply or output (AD). As a result both nominal and real GDP would grow continuously. Figure 3: Aggregate Demand and Supply Model During the recession consumer demand for goods and services was down and therefore both the price level represented by inflation rate was lower and the real GDP declined. In the period of expansion that started in Singapore in 2010 (Holmes and Venkat, 2010), both the inflation and real gross domestic product are expected to increase according to the law of supply and demand. As consumers start spending more money on durable and non-durable goods and services, businesses will increase the prices and start expanding production, which would lead to the growth of total output in both real and nominal terms. This is demonstrated by the supply and demand model in the Figure 3. Price Level and Unemployment Rate It is interesting to note that there is also a relationship between the price level in the country and the unemployment rate. When the inflation (A to B) increases in the country, unemployment rates will go down because inflation is thought to be associated with economic growth and expansion. This relationship is explained by the economic concept of Phillips curve. Figure 4: Long Run Phillips Curve In the long run, however, the Phillips curve will be a vertical line (C) established at the natural rate of unemployment shown in Figure 4. In the case of Singapore, the short term Phillips curve was a valid model to represent the relationship between inflation and unemployment. By July 2009 the unemployment rate reached its maximum while the inflation rate declined, thus supporting the economic concept of Phillips curve shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6. Figure 5: Singapore Unemployment Rate Figure 6: Inflation Rate by Month Interest Rates It is valid to note that aggregate demand was stimulated during the recession by the central banks monetary policy. Without monetary stimulus, it would take much longer for consumers to start spending again and gain confidence in the future. The central bank started lowering the base lending rate (Trading Economics, 2010), which represented the short term interest rates in the country, in order to make it easier for consumers to borrow so that they could start spending more. The dynamics of the short term interest rates in Singapore is shown in the Figure 7. Figure 7: Singapore Interest Rates It is valid to note that in the pre recession period the country had already had rather low interest rates that ranged around 3%. In 2008, the central bank started reducing the overnight lending rate until it reached nearly 0% by 2010 (Trading Economics, 2010; Figure 7). Money Demand The article in the Wall Street Journal states that the expectation of contraction in the Singaporean economy and the 5.1% annual growth are feasible because the central bank does not plan to reduce the overnight lending rate too soon. As a result, there will be stimulus for borrowing, consumer spending and investing. Figure 8: Interest Rate Vs Money Supply The economic theory suggests that there is a direct relationship between the money supply and interest rates as shown in Figure 8. In fact, the interest rates are the price of money or the cost of money. When the cost increases, the demand for money will decrease. Similarly, when interest rates rise (I* to I**), the demand for money will fall. Both the consumers and businesses (S) will start borrowing less (Sloman, 2006). Keynesian View However, different school of economic thought offer different concepts on what would be an effective measure to stimulate the economy. For example, the Keynesian economic school argues that during the period of recession, it is essential to stimulate aggregate demand (AD). This has been seen in the case of Singapore when the central bank started stimulating aggregate demand by loose monetary policy in 2008 2010 (Trading Economics, 2010; Holmes and Venkat, 2010). Figure 9: Keynesian AS/AS Model The Keynesian view is that aggregate demand, if stimulated by monetary and fiscal policy, would eventually lead to the growth of the total output and aggregate supply. However, the neo classical school of economics offers a different solution. The neo economy states that the government should rather stimulate and tackle aggregate supply (Yte to Yrec) rather than demand. One of the measures that this school of economics proposes is to increase the money supply at a constant rate. The expansion of money supply is used to stimulate aggregate supply and economic expansion, thus reducing the volatility of the economy. The governments of developed countries in the European Union and the United States, however, continue to adhere to Keynesian measures of stimulating the economy and fighting recession. This has also been found in the case of Singapore (Holmes and Venkat, 2010). Since the recession had lasted only about a year in Singapore until the contraction and expansion started, Keynesian measures of stimulating the economic growth can be assessed as effective in spite of the criticism from the neo classical economic school. Conclusion It is valid to summarise the main arguments of the discussion of economic concepts in the context of Singapore that were based on the article in the February Issue of the Wall Street Journal. This article defended the position that the economy of Singapore will expand and achieve an impressive growth of up to 5.1% in 2010. This expectation has been discussed in the light of the economic theories of business cycles, the model of aggregate demand and supply and the theory of monetary policy and relationship between the interest rates, money supply and total output. From the standpoints of the theories and the fact that the central bank of Singapore does not plan to change its loose monetary policy, the economic expansion and growth of 5.1% are feasible and can be achieved.

Coelomate And Acoelomate :: essays research papers

Most animal phyla originated in a relatively brief span of geological time, however the diversity among them is extraordinary. Every organism is very unique a detailed in certain ways, comparisons of certain types of organisms can be very difficult. The class in which will be compared is that of the invertebrates. The main difference between coelomate and acoelomate body plans are that coelomates have a true coelom, which is a fluid-filled body cavity completely lined by tissue which is derived from mesoderm. The purpose of this cavity is to cushion the suspended organs to help them prevent injury, enables internal organs to grow and move independently from the outer body wall. Acoelomates, though, lack a cavity between the digestive tract and the outer body wall. An example of an acoelomate would be a flatworm, or planarian, While an example of a coelomate would be a rotifer. The differences between protostome and deuterostome development are the characteristics in their cleavage, their coelom formation, and the fate of their blastopore. Many protostomes undergo spiral cleavage. In spiral cleavage, planes of cell division occur diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo. The cleavage also determinates, which casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early. In deuterostomes, they undergo radial cleavage, where the cleavage planes are either parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the egg. Deuterostomes are further characterized by indeterminate cleavage, which means that each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo. Indeterminate cleavage of the human zygote allows identical twins to be possible. In a protostome, as the archenteron forms, solid masses of mesoderm split to form the coelomic cavities, or schizocoelous development. In deuterostomes, the development of body cavi ties, or enterocoelous, happens when the mesoderm buds from the wall of the archenteron and hollows to become the coelomic cavities. The mouth of many protostomes develops from the first opening, the blastopore. The mouth of a deuterostome is derived from the secondary opening, and the blastopore usually forms the anus. The differences between radial and bilateral symmetry is that an animal with radial symmetry has parts that are arranged like the spokes of a wheel and a cut down the central axis, it would divide the animal into mirror images. Radial animals include hydra, jellyfishes, and their relatives. An animal with bilateral symmetry has a left and right side, and a cut down its central axis would divide the animal into mirror-image halves.

Martial Arts Essay -- essays research papers

Martial Arts When you think of martial arts, what comes to mind? The slow, calm movements of Tai-Chi Chuan or maybe the faster, hard movements of Karate or Tae Kwon Do. No matter what you think of it always contains practiced movements of the body and a lot of concentration. These two elements combined with spirit and patience is basically what martial arts consists of. Martial arts is so great because it strengthens each of these aspects of body and mind to make a beautiful display of movement. This has attracted many people to all kinds of martial arts and with the help of the movies made it very popular among Americans. Today, many Americans prefer martial arts as an exercise to help them stay in shape. Tai-Chi, as an example, is a great martial art because of its use of both the body and mind. Tai-Chi can’t be done correctly if the person is not relaxed and doesn’t know the movements being done very well. The basis of Tai-Chi Chuan derives from the idea of being constantly round when performing it. If you are attacked on a straight line and you resist on a straight line, the stronger force will win, but if the incoming force is neutralized by circularity, then it becomes easier to defeat your opponent, no matter how strong they might be. That’s what Tai-Chi is based on, but It takes years of practice to get any good at it and decades to master. Another example of martial arts is Korea’s Tae Kwon Do. The main differences between Tai-Chi and Tae Kwon Do is the uni...

National Income and Economic Welfare Essay

National income is a measure of production activity. So, a higher national income overtime should mean more production and more availability of goods and services to the people. Should more goods mean that people are better off? Are they better of in physical terms, or in psychological terms or both? Are there things other than national income which also contribute to the feeling of better off among people ? Are their things counted in national income but do not really lead to betterment of life, or at least not in the same proportion as the monetary value attached to them? Broadly, the point to be examined is that does rise in national income mean that people are better off. Welfare is taken to mean a sense of weN being or a feeling of better off. Welfare of a person is determined by a large number of factors. There are certain factors which lead to rise in welfare, like use of goods and services leading to a comfortable living,better understandingwith familymembers, relations and friends, better natural surroundings, better social and political atmosphere and so on. There are other factors which may lead to decline in welfare like illness, tensions with family members, relations and friends, pollu~ion,unsecured society, etc. The combined effect of all these factors determines whether welfare rises or falls. Welfare as a concept may look alright, but when it comes to measurement of welfare, problems arise. We can measure value of goods and services but we cannot measure the positive values of understanding, natural surroundings, etc. or the negative values of pollution, tension, insecurity, etc. So, we cannot measure everything that affects welfare positively or negatively. Only those factors which can really be measured be expressed in quantities. This leads us to the distinction between economic and non-economic welfare.

Teacher Interview Report

Actually, this is my second time to do teacher interview. Last time, I went to Shi Pai Junior High School to interview a teacher and asked something about the class management. From the interview, I’ve learned a lot from the teacher and her belief of teaching Chinese. Though to certain degree, this time the report is quite similar to the last report that I’ve done. However, this time, by the demand of teacher Alice and the class objective, my target interviewee must be an â€Å"English† teacher. At first, I was very nervous about how to find an English teacher in junior or senior high school because I’ve got in touch with all my English teachers for several years. it may be very embarrassing to go back and the teacher doesn’t recognize that I used to be her student) Fortunately, one of my best friends in my night school class, knowing my worriment, introduced me an English teacher in Shilin High School of Commerce whom she loves and admires very much. Here, I want to say thanks to my dear friend. Without her, I really cannot finish writing this assignment. Below, there are some basic info of the teacher and the questions that I’ve prepared for the teacher interview,

Prison makes bad people worse Essay

In the year 2002, there were just over 68,000 persons in prison in England and Wales, 6,000 in Scotland and 1,200 in Northern Ireland. In the case of England and Wales, this is a few thousand more than in 1999, but at this time the plateau stood in marked comparison to the trend up to 1997-8 and it was by no means certain that this could be maintained, (Morgan, 2002). These findings serve to highlight the progressive increase in rising prison numbers in the UK the causes of which are continually in debate and beg the question; what happens when there is no more room left in our prisons? For the purpose of this essay, this author assumes that the statement â€Å"prison makes bad people worse† infers that an offender, who serves a custodial sentence, is more likely to re-offend upon release. Before evaluating this statement and reaching a conclusion, this author will introduce a brief history of the prison system in an attempt to offer an understanding of how imprisonment has become the most severe penalty imposed on offenders in the UK today. Prisons all over the world have existed for many years for the purpose of confining those in society who have committed a crime serious enough to warrant such a sentence. The purpose of prison is now not only to inflict a punishment but also to attempt to rehabilitate offenders contrasting with the early days of imprisonment where little rehabilitative work was done. A custodial sentence is now the most severe penalty that an offender can be sentenced to in the UK following the abolition of the death penalty in 1965. Imprisonment is intended to punish offenders through restricting freedom and liberty as well as unfavourable living conditions in the name of ‘less eligibility’, (Morgan, 2002). This in no way is intended to suggest that conditions in prisons are inhumane although reports exist from previous investigations that would suggest otherwise. Punishment for offenders was served in a very different manner prior to the nineteenth century. Punishments at this time in the main consisted of physical punishment which would often involve torture, public humiliation and even execution. After decades of this type of punishment being administered, the torture and public humiliation elements ceased. The infliction of physical pain was replaced by the principle that the loss of rights and wealth would serve as an adequate deterrent for further offending. Although this altered form of punishment apparently focused on the mind of the individual, it could still be argued that custodial sentences still impose an element of physical torture indirectly by food rationing, sexual deprivation and solitary confinement. These aspects of punishments are still relevant within the penal system today, (Flynn, 1998). Many different explanations exist for why this change from physical punishment to imprisonment came about, one of which argues that the reason for the shift was due to humanitarianism and reform which would offer a more humane and civilised alternative to the methods of previous years, (Wilson, Ellis, Mikulski, & Nash, 2003). An opposing argument suggested that this was not the case and that the defining of a new age and more effective punishment by focusing on the reform of offenders into the ‘disciplined subject’ were the main reasons for this shift in operation, (Foucault, 1977). Despite this argument, one of the most influential factors associated with how prisons operate in the UK today is the concept of human rights. The 1998 Human Rights Act governs these rights. Along with this, the Prisons Inspectorate introduced guidelines on what factors should constitute a healthy custodial environment based on international human rights principles. Arising from the World Health Organisation’s influence, four tests are used to identify whether a healthy custodial environment is present. Firstly, prisoners must be held in safety. Secondly, they must be treated with respect and dignity as human beings. Thirdly, they must be able to engage in purposeful activity, and lastly, prisoners must be prepared for resettlement into the community prior to release, (Owers, 2003). Because of the unpleasantness of imprisonment it is necessary for this type of punishment to be justified. Prison can be very unpleasant for many offenders as their liberty is severely reduced, their contact with family and friends is minimised, and it can infer many social disadvantages that may lead to offenders becoming socially excluded upon their release from custody. In order to justify imprisonment as a viable punishment, numerous theories or arguments have been introduced in an attempt to support this sentencing option. One argument that attempts to justify imprisonment is the concept of Reductionism. This argument suggests that custodial sentences reduce the number of crimes committed. Those in agreement with this theory also argue that the number of crimes committed will be less if someone is punished in this manner, than there would be if no punishment were imposed at all, (Cavadino & Dignan, 1997). This theory also suggests that society as a whole, has a greater influence than the individual and therefore an offender would be powerless to justify not going to prison if he/she had committed a crime that endangered public safety, (Abercrombie, Hill, & Turner, 1988). However, it could be argued that this theory suggests that crimes are only committed by those who are in prison ignoring the concept that there are many in society committing crimes that have never been caught. Deterrence is another theory used to justify imprisonment as an appropriate punishment by arguing that people will not offend because they are too fearful of the consequences should they be caught as the punishment is seen as too severe. There are two elements to this theory, firstly there is individual deterrence which suggests that an offender will not re-offend because the punishment they received last time was so severe that it has deterred them from doing it again. Secondly, there is general deterrence which argues that a punishment imposed on one offender for a crime will deter others from offending, as they know exactly what the consequences are. At first glance, deterrence theory appears to hold validity, but in reality research findings have indicated that sentencing offenders to custodial sentences has a more influential effect. Once an offender has been in prison they may find themselves labelled by the rest of society and categorised into a stereotype with unfavourable connotations. This may hinder their attempts to live lawful lives for example; problems getting a job and even psychological effects, which may become apparent in their behaviour, (Cavadino & Dignan, 1997). This evidence could be used to support the argument that prison does make people worse. Rehabilitation theory suggests that some forms of punishment can actually reduce the likelihood of re-offending and alter an offender’s behaviour and attitude. Together the prison service and the probation service are heavily involved with rehabilitation as well as the treatment and training of offenders, (Wilson et al, 2003). As a main aim of the prison service to assist in the rehabilitation of offenders, the provision of accredited programmes such as PASRO (Prisons Addressing Substance Related Offending) and ETS (Enhanced Thinking Skills) attempt to address prisoners’ offending behaviour whilst in prison. However, a report by the Social Exclusion Unit found that the prison experience causes such damage to an offenders’ rehabilitation that it outweighs the effectiveness of the programmes, (Solomon, 2003). Another criticism of the penal system is that many offenders are sentenced to such short periods of custody that they are unable to gain access to any rehabilitative interventions. This evidence could also suggest that prison can make bad people worse. The theory of incapacitation implies more emphasis on public protection rather than the behaviour of offenders which coincidently is another main remit of the probation service. Quite simply, this theory argues that if an offender is in custody they are unable to commit crime and therefore ensuring public safety for the duration of the sentence giving piece of mind to members of society, (Ainsworth, 2000). It could be argued that this theory fails to recognise that crime often occurs within prisons including violence, bullying and drug offences. Another criticism of this theory is that as mentioned earlier, the public will only be protected in this manner for the duration of a sentence. Lastly, retribution theory holds that punishment is imposed on an offender to redress the balance between offenders and their victims in making sure that the offender suffers for their crime. Ainsworth (2000), recognises that seeing an offender incarcerated may make the victims feel that justice has been done. However, this is often not the case as many offenders receive sentences that the victim may feel does not reflect the harm that has been caused to them as a result of the offence. Now that some of the justifications for imprisonment have been discussed, it is now possible to explore conformity within prisons which may assist in reaching a conclusion on whether the statement â€Å"prison makes bad people worse† can be justified. Conformity, a theory closely linked with labelling theory, suggests that an individual may conform to social rules or may even assume a social role because it is recognised as the norm in their environment. Heavily influenced by the levels of power, social roles exist predominantly in the prison environment especially between prison officers and offenders. One study that attempted to explore power dynamics and how easy it is to assume a role was conducted in August 1971 by psychologist Philip Zimbardo and was named the Stanford Prison Experiment. Twenty-five male volunteers took part in the experiment and were taken to a mock prison where each person was assigned a role of either prisoner or guard. The guards had the authority to dictate 24 hour a day rules to the prisoners the results of which were shocking and are still referred to today. A number of prisoners had to be released due to mental health illnesses arising from the trauma of the situation. The experiment, which was intended to last for two weeks, was terminated after six days due to the pathological reactions of the prisoners who ironically had been selected for their normality. The findings were that the environment transformed the participants and after a few days, the role dominated the person, (Alexander, 2001). This experiment highlighted social power as the being the major factor in the participant’s behaviour as all the guards at some point displayed abuse, authoritarian attitudes, and appeared to enjoy being in control. Zimbardo argued that this abnormal behaviour is a product of transactions within an environment that supports this behaviour. The labels placed upon the participants became valid in this environment and pathological behaviour was the outcome, (Wilson et al, 2003). This experiment still has implications for the prison system today in that Zimbardo argued that the current prison system is guaranteed to cause severe pathological reactions within prisoners causing a debasement of their humanity, low self esteem and making it difficult to integrate into society outside of prison, (Wilson et al, 2003). This would suggest that labelling and conformity theories are a case for prison making bad people worse. Whilst in prison an offender may assume a role that could be continued upon their release. Zimbardos’ experiment provides an adequate basis for discussing the sociological theory of a prison subculture sometimes referred to as the inmate code. The prison society exists apart from the rest of society and therefore it is understandable that norms and values are very different between the two. Sykes (1958) found that the inmate code is something that may give a prisoner an identity and help them to cope with the effects of imprisonment. The code is thought to include certain rules such as not fraternising with staff, acquiring a position in the inmate ‘pecking order’, and giving the impression of toughness in emotion and physical appearance. Clemmer (1940) argued this to be part of the prisonisation process which arguably reinforces criminal behaviour as prisoners become used to opposing authority which is likely to continue in the outside world, (Cited in Morgan, 2002). Therefore, attempts at rehabilitation may be hindered by this and could be used to argue that prison makes bad people worse. So what statistical evidence is there to support the statement â€Å"prisons make bad people worse†? Reports into the subject have found that prisons have a poor record in reducing re-offending and that 59% of offenders are reconvicted within two years of release. For male youths under the age of twenty-one, the reconviction rate is 74% over the same period of time. Research findings from the Social Exclusion Unit have indicated that re-offending by ex-prisoners costs society approximately ? 11 billion each year and that they are responsible for one in five recorded crimes, (Solomon, 2003). This evidence would appear to suggest that people who have served custodial sentences have been made worse by the experience and that imprisonment is not an effective punishment. Contributing to this argument is the theory that these statistics are only obtained from recorded crime suggesting that the figures may in reality be significantly higher as many crimes are not recorded. In conclusion it would appear that there is much evidence to support the claim that prison makes bad people worse such as the statistical evidence revealing reconviction rates. On the other hand, there are also arguments for prison as an effective punishment such as the justifications for imprisonment including rehabilitation and deterrence theories. It would appear that prison does indeed have an influence on some prisoners re-offending but it would be difficult to assume that this is the case for all offenders who have served a custodial sentence. This would suggest that for some offenders prison is effective and for others it is not. Having said this, it is important to recognise that prison does ensure public safety from offenders who pose danger to society, but only for the period they are in custody unless they emerge from prison rehabilitated. For those offenders who could be dealt with in another manner, community penalties offer the versatility in sentencing options necessary to provide effective punishment without contributing to the growing problem of increasing prison numbers. It is therefore vital that the most appropriate punishment is imposed individually taking the crime and the offenders’ circumstances into account when sentencing.

Dental Abscess And Anatomy Health And Social Care Essay

Abscesss are normally caused by specific micro-organisms that invade the tissues, frequently by manner of little lesions or interruptions in the tegument. An abscess is a natural defence mechanism in which the organic structure attempts to place an infection and â€Å" palisade off † the micro-organisms so that they can non distribute throughout the organic structure. There are at least three types of alveolar consonant abscesses that resemble each other. It is their point of beginning that differentiates them. A gum or gingival abscess is the consequence of hurt to, or infection of, the surface of the gum tissue. If an infection moves deep into gum pockets, drainage of Pus is blocked and a periodontic abscess consequences. A periapical abscess refers to a tooth in which the mush is infected, normally secondary to tooth decay.Causes and Risk Factors of Dental AbscessesAn abscess may happen when bacteriums invades the dental mush ( the nervousnesss and blood vass that fill the cardinal pit of the tooth ) , doing the mush to decease. This most normally happens as a consequence of dental cavities, which destroy the tooth ‘s enamel and dentin, leting bacteriums to make the mush. Bacteria can besides derive entree to the mush when a tooth is injured. Failure to handle an septic dental nervus normally leads to breakdown of the bone around the root with the formation of an abscess or pit filled with Pus. The abscess is called ague or chronic, depending on how quickly it forms and how efficaciously the organic structure defends itself. An acute abscess is characterized by hurting, swelling, and febrility. A chronic abscess may be painless, with the patient wholly incognizant of its presence even as it continues to turn inside the lower jaw. Or the country of infection may be walled off by a hempen pouch, organizing a granuloma, which contains non-infectious ( unfertile ) tissue but non pus. Most of the pathological lesions and tips of roots are granulomas, but it is common pattern to mention to all such conditions as abscesses. Since granulomas are normally painless and really slow-growing, they are discovered merely by agencies of dental x-ray scrutinies. Unless the whole tooth is severely decayed, the tooth can be saved by root canal therapy. RADIOGRAPH SHOWING PERIAPICAL RADIOLUCENCYSymptoms of Dental AbscessesPain is gnawing and uninterrupted. The involved tooth is painful when percussed ( tapped ) , and frequently the dentitions can non shut without added uncomfortableness. Hot nutrients may increase the hurting. If intervention is delayed, the infection may distribute through next tissues, doing cellulitis, changing grades of facial hydrops, and fever. The infection may distribute to osteal ( bony ) tissues or into the soft tissues of the floor of the oral cavity. Local puffiness and gingival fistulous witherss may develop opposite the vertex of the tooth, particularly with deciduous ( impermanent ) dentition. Drain into the oral cavity causes a acrimonious gustatory sensation. Abscesss from lower grinders may run out at the angle of the jaw. A chronic periapical ( at or around the vertex of a root of a tooth ) abscess normally presents few clinical marks, since it is basically a limited country of mild infection that spreads easy. A odontalgia that is terrible and uninterrupted and consequences in gnawing or throbbing hurting or crisp or hiting hurting are common symptoms of an abscessed tooth. Other symptoms may include: Fever Pain when mastication Sensitivity of the dentitions to hot or cold Bitter gustatory sensation in the oral cavity Foul odor to the breath Swollen cervix secretory organs General uncomfortableness, uneasiness, or ill feeling Redness and puffiness of the gums Swollen country of the upper or lower jaw An unfastened, run outing sore on the side of the gum If the root of the tooth dies as a consequence of infection, the odontalgia may halt. However, this does n't intend the infection has healed ; the infection remains active and continues to distribute and destruct tissue. Therefore, if you experience any of the above listed symptoms, it is of import to see a tooth doctor even if the hurting subsides.Diagnosis of Dental AbscessYour tooth doctor will examine your dentitions with a dental instrument. If you have an abscessed tooth, you will experience hurting when the tooth is tapped by your tooth doctor ‘s investigation. Your tooth doctor will besides inquire you if your hurting additions when you bite down or when you close your oral cavity tightly. In add-on, your tooth doctor may surmise an abscessed tooth because your gums may be swollen and ruddy. Your tooth doctor may besides take X raies to look for eroding of the bone around the abscess.Treatment of Dental Abscesses in Deciduous toothDefinition: pulpectomy involves the remotion of the root and the mush chamber in order to derive one to root canals which are debrided, enlarged and disinfected.Technique1.give equal local anesthesia 2.apply gum elastic dike to insulate the country. 3.remove all the carious dentin. 4.penetrate the mush chamber with aid of slow velocity unit of ammunition bur. 5.remove the mush tissue with all right barbed brooch and take the on the job length X ray. 6.complete the bio-mechanical preaparation and avoid over instrumentality. 7.avoid utilizing Gatess glidden drills, sonic and supersonic instruments because in primary dentitions there are increase opportunities of perforation due to narrow and slight canals. 8. voluminous irrigation is necessary to blush out dust and Na hypochlorite is the preferable irrigant. 9.now topographic point the paper point moistened with formocresol about for five proceedingss to repair any staying tissue. 10.after this remove the paper point and make full the canal with zinc oxide eugenol cement.there after, tooth is restored with unstained steel Crown.COMMONLY USED MATERIAL FOR FILLING THE CANALS ARE:Zinc oxide eugenolIodoform pasteCalcium hydrated oxideZinc oxide pasteTreatment of Abscess Tooth in Permanent ToothIt is of import to find which type of abscess is present so that the appropriate intervention may be rendered. In all three types of abscesses, the Pus must be drained. Antibiotics may be prescribed if systemic symptoms such as febrility and swelling in the lymph secretory organs are present. ( Mouth infections frequently affect the lymph glands in the cervix part. ) Deep cleansing will be undertaken for gum pocket ( periodontic ) abscesses. Schemes to extinguish the infection, continue the tooth, and prevent complications are the ends of intervention for an abscessed tooth. 1 ) To extinguish infection, the abscess may necessitate to be drained. Achieving drainage may be done through the tooth by a process known as a root canal. Root canal surgery may besides be recommended to take any morbid root tissue after the infection has subsided. Then, a Crown may be placed over the tooth. 2 ) The tooth may besides be extracted, leting drainage through the socket. 3 ) To run out the abscess would be by scratch into the conceited gum tissue. Antibiotics are prescribed to assist contend the infection. To alleviate the hurting and uncomfortableness associated with an abscessed tooth, warm salt-water rinses and nonprescription hurting medicine like isobutylphenyl propionic acid ( Advil or Motrin ) can be used. The redness and hurting of abscesses may be relieved with a low-level optical maser, doing the patient more comfy to have the injection in a more painless manner. As diabetics are prone to the spread of infection, abscesses should be brought to the attending of their tooth doctor so that prompt intervention may be begun. By and large, an analgetic ( pain-reliever ) such as acetylsalicylic acid or acetaminophen entirely or with codeine is needed. Bed remainder, a soft diet, and fluids may be necessary. Failure to handle an abscess can take to serious infection as the Pus spreads. Fever and malaise intensify when the infection penetrates the bone marrow of the jaw, bring forthing osteomyelitis. Prompt antibiotic therapy and surgical intercession in more utmost instances are normally successful in restricting the abscess or osteomyelitis, although frequently non before extended and lasting harm has been done. An abscessed tooth is a painful infection at the root of a tooth or between the gum and a tooth. It ‘s most normally caused by terrible tooth decay. Other causes of tooth abscess are trauma to the tooth, such as when it is broken or chipped, and gingivitis or gum disease. These jobs can do gaps in the tooth enamel, which allows bacteriums to infect the centre of the tooth ( called the mush ) . The infection may besides distribute from the root of the tooth to the castanetss back uping the tooth. and continues to distribute and destruct tissue. Therefore, if you experience any of the above listed symptoms, it is of import to see a tooth doctor even if the hurting subsides.PreventionsFollowing good unwritten hygiene patterns can cut down the hazard of developing a tooth abscess. Besides, if your dentitions experience injury ( for illustration, go loosened or chipped ) , seek prompt dental attending The ends of intervention are to bring around the infection, save the tooth, and prevent complications.Prognosis ( Expectations )Untreated abscesses may acquire worse and can take to dangerous complications. Prompt intervention normally cures the infection. The tooth can normally be saved in many instances.ComplicationsLoss of the tooth Mediastinitis Sepsis Spread of infection to soft tissue ( facial cellulitis, Ludwig ‘s angina ) Spread of infection to the jaw bone ( osteomyelitis of the jaw ) Spread of infection to other countries of the organic structure ensuing in encephalon abscess, endocarditis, pneumonia, or other complications

An Analysis of Othello by William Shakespeare Essay

In the play â€Å"Othello† by William Shakespeare Iago plays the master manipulator and manages to deceive many of the other characters especially Othello and Cassio. It can be said that his motives are based solely on his insecurities due to the fact his goal in the play was to ruin Othello’s life. He does this by using psychological manipulation on Othello’s thoughts and makes him believe that Cassio and Desdemona are fond of each other. Which basically means that he targets anyone that brings out his insecurities, which gives him a reason to lash out and kill or harm these people, to make himself feel better. In the beginning of the play Iago makes it seem as if his hatred towards Othello is because he has made Cassio his lieutenant. As the play goes on you later realize that Iago’s hatred extends even more. â€Å"I hate the Moor, and it is thought abroad that ‘twixt my sheets, he has done my office: I know not if’t be true, but I, for mere suspicion in that kind, will do as if for surety.†. There seems to be some rumors about Othello and Iago’s wife Emilia, the rumors are that Othello and Emilia have slept together. In the quote above he states that he doesn’t care if the rumors are true and that he is going to proceed with his plan as if they are true. Throughout the play Iago constantly reminds himself of why he’s targeting Othello. â€Å"I do suspect the lusty Moor, Hath leap’d into my seat: the thought whereof, Doth, like a poisonous mineral, gnaw my inwards; And nothing can or shall content my soul, till I am even’d with him, wife for wife.† His hatred towards Cassio is more directed. Iago hates Cassio because he has gotten the position of lieutenant even with his lack of experience in the field as he is a more tactical creating strategies person. â€Å"More than a spinster, unless the bookish theoric†. Iago basically states that Cassio’s lack of manliness add to his hatred towards him. Each person in the play get manipulated in a way that only suits them. For example Roderigo is â€Å"blinded by his love for Desdemona, and is prepared to do anything to win her heat† this give Iago the advantage to take his weakness and use it against him. As innocent as Iago’s words seem Othello lets Iago’s manipulative words counteract with his thinking and this is where you could say he has officially planted the seed making sure he has  Othello’s ear. As Othello asks for proof Iago is once again able to manipulate Othello by making him hide and hear a conversation Iago has with Cassio. â€Å"Now will I question Cassio of Bianca, A housewife that by selling her desires, Buys herself bread and clothes. It is a creature, that dotes on Cassio, as ’tis the strumpet’s plague, To beguile many and be beguiled by one. He, when he hears of her, cannot refrain, From the excess of laughter. Here he comes.† Iago says this once Othello withdraws and once Cassio corners him starts discussing Bianca but allows Othello to believe they are discussing Desdemona. He whispers so Othello would not hear him and by doing that he agitates Othello and that causes him to be delusional. As mentioned before Cassio is also manipulated by Iago. The first way in which Cassio is deceived is when he get pressured into drinking and then starting a fight which consequently ruins Cassio’s reputation.† If I can fasten but one cup upon him, with that which he hath drunk tonight already, He’ll be as full of quarrel and offense, as my young mistress’ dog. Now my sick fool Roderigo, Whom love hath turned almost the wrong side out, To Desdemona hath tonight caroused, Potations pottle-deep, and he’s to watch. Three lads of Cyprus, noble swelling spirits, That hold their honors in a wary distance, The very elements of this warlike isle, Have I tonight flustered with flowing cups, And they watch too. Now ’mongst this flock of drunkards, Am I to put our Cassio in some action, That may offend the isle.† This is Iago’s soliloquy where he actually reveals his manipulative side. At first, Iago told Cassio he should drink on behalf of Othello although he knew that he did not want to and was not capable of it. Iago has manipulated Cassio to do something unethical. Othello and Cassio both get exploited by Iago because they both find honest, good friend and have a hard time judging character. Iago acts like he truly cares about Othello by giving him warning signs about Cassio. Iago also fools Cassio into thinking he cares whether he has a good time or not. Another way Iago manipulates Cassio is when he plants the handkerchief in Cassio’s chambers. â€Å"I know not neither, I found it in my chamber. I like the work well. Ere it be demanded, As like enough it will, I would have it copied. Take it and do ’t, and leave me for this time.†. Cassio says this when he gives it to Bianca. Cassio has no idea as to how the handkerchief got into his room. Iago left it there to set him up and make it seem as if he is having an affair with Desdemona. Iago exploits Cassio’s limited  knowledge since Cassio did not know that the handkerchief belong to Desdemona. In both scenarios Iago manipulates Othello and Iago by sugar coating the truth from them. Iago does feel better after manipulating the characters in the story this is shown throughout the story as Iago manipulates and controls every other character so well that they seem like puppets that he controls. At the end of the play, Iago’s manipulation has left a trail of destruction that has killed Othello and Cassio, as well others and has destroyed the lives of many who remain. The motivations and ideas Iago has are very deceptive and cunning, and his ability to influence is very amazing. Iago’s actions define of a man who will stop at nothing until he exacts revenge on everyone who he feels has threaten him in one way or another. Shakespeare has presented Iago as a kind and noble soldier he has also been known as honest Iago, this showing that everyone is not as what they seem on the outside. Already knowing that Iago has a hatred for his superior Othello and now Cassio â€Å"Thou told’st me thou didst hold him in thy hate,† Said Roderigo. â€Å"D espise me if I do not,† Iago replies. This during the opening scenes in the play. Iago fools Othello by providing â€Å"ocular† proof but didn’t allow him to listen or understand properly. As for Cassio, he used his friendship to plant the handkerchief. Both Othello and Cassio are naà ¯ve have a hard time judging character, are too proud to believe that someone is fooling them and their limited knowledge as to what was going on around them allows Iago to Successfully in the end manipulate the mind of Othello and sent him insane and left Cassio in a situation that he didn’t belong in. Othello and Cassio were both victims of Iago’s manipulation due to the fact that they had something Iago did not. Bibliography William, S. (01.22.14). Othello. Great Britain. Oxford University. Jonathan, L. (28.01.2010). How does Iago manipulate different characters in order to achieve his aims? Othello. Retrieved (02.27.2014), from http://www.markedbyteachers.com/as-and-a-level/english/how-does-iago-manipula te-different-characters-in-order-to-achieve-his-aims.html The Theme of Deception in William Shakespeare’s Othello. Retrieved (02.27.2014), from https://sites.google.com/site/thethemeofdeception/home Joshua, A. (2013). Protestant epistemology and Othello’s consciousness. Retrieved (03.01.14), from Gale Academic One File.